Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29589212›Full record

ArticleQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation2018

Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), derived from a large German community sample.

Andreas Hinz, Ines Conrad, Matthias L Schroeter, Heide Glaesmer, Elmar Brähler, Markus Zenger, Rüya-Daniela Kocalevent, Philipp Y Herzberg

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Article in Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Life Satisfaction and Sleep Health among College Students in the United States.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
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  7. Association between sleep quality and life satisfaction and self-efficacy among women with gynecological cancer in West China: A cross-sectional study.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
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  10. Satisfaction with life, affects, and subjective happiness in military personnel.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2025
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  13. Review
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  17. Conceptualizing Sleep Satisfaction: A Rapid Review.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Andreas HinzDepartment of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. andreas.hinz@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.ORCID 0000-0002-6986-8145
Ines ConradInstitute of Social Medicine, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Matthias L SchroeterMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig & Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Heide GlaesmerDepartment of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Elmar BrählerDepartment of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Markus ZengerDepartment of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Stendal, Germany.
Rüya-Daniela KocaleventInstitute and Polyclinic for General Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Philipp Y HerzbergPersonality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut Schmidt University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany.

Funding

European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 14505/2470European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 14575/2470European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 713-241202
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe aim of this study was to test psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), to provide normative values, and to analyze associations between life satisfaction and sociodemographic and behavioral data.

methodsA German community sample (n = 9711) with an age range of 18-80 years was surveyed using the SWLS and several other questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the dimensionality of the SWLS. Invariance across gender and age groups was tested with multiple-group CFA. Associations between SWLS, sociodemographic variables, and behavioral variables were tested with ANOVAs.

resultsConfirmatory factorial analysis results confirmed that the SWLS is a one-dimensional scale. Measurement invariance across gender was completely confirmed, while concerning age strict measurement invariance was confirmed. The effects of gender and age on satisfaction with life were weak. Satisfaction with life was associated with fatigue (r = - .49), the mental component of quality of life (r = .45), anxiety (r = - .42), dispositional optimism (r = .41), pessimism (r = - .34), sleep quality (r = - .32), and sociodemographic factors such as marital status, income, and occupational status. Non-smokers reported higher life satisfaction than smokers.

conclusionsBecause of the good psychometric properties, the SWLS can be recommended for use in epidemiological research. Normative values based on a large community sample are provided.

Indexed as

Personal SatisfactionAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleGermanyHumansMaleMiddle AgedPsychometricsQuality of LifeSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultGeneral populationLife satisfactionMeasurement invarianceNormative studyPsychometrics

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.