ReviewPharmaceutics2018
Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Antiviral Drugs: A Way to Overcome Their Active Efflux?
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- In Silico Evaluation of Potential Hit Molecules Against Multiple Serotypes of Dengue Virus Envelope Glycoprotein.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Serum Albumin in Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: Exploring the Role and Application.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Lyophilized Nasal Inserts of Atomoxetine HCl Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Brain Targeting as a Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Pharmacokinetics Study on Rats.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Versatile Nasal Application of Cyclodextrins: Excipients and/or Actives?Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Targeting Systems to the Brain Obtained by Merging Prodrugs, Nanoparticles, and Nasal Administration.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Nanotechnology-based antiviral therapeutics.Drug delivery and translational research · 2021Review
- Scaffold fragmentation and substructure hopping reveal potential, robustness, and limits of computer-aided pattern analysis (C@PA).Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2021Article
- Effective Use of Student-Created Case Studies as Assessment in an Undergraduate Neuroscience Course.Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education : JUNE : a publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience · 2021Article
- Binding mode analysis of ABCA7 for the prediction of novel Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2021Article
- Strategies to gain novel Alzheimer's disease diagnostics and therapeutics using modulators of ABCA transporters.Free neuropathology · 2021Article
- Antimicrobial Essential Oil Formulation: Chitosan Coated Nanoemulsions for Nose to Brain Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Nose-to-Brain Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Critical View on the Usage of Ribavirin in Already Existing Psychostimulant-Use Disorder.Current pharmaceutical design · 2020Review
- Tailoring Formulations for Intranasal Nose-to-Brain Delivery: A Review on Architecture, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Mucociliary Clearance of the Nasal Olfactory Mucosa.Pharmaceutics · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although several viruses can easily infect the central nervous system (CNS), antiviral drugs often show dramatic difficulties in penetrating the brain from the bloodstream since they are substrates of active efflux transporters (AETs). These transporters, located in the physiological barriers between blood and the CNS and in macrophage membranes, are able to recognize their substrates and actively efflux them into the bloodstream. The active transporters currently known to efflux antiviral drugs are P-glycoprotein (ABCB1 or P-gp or MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (ABCC1 or MRP1, ABCC4 or MRP4, ABCC5 or MRP5), and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2 or BCRP). Inhibitors of AETs may be considered, but their co-administration causes serious unwanted effects. Nasal administration of antiviral drugs is therefore proposed in order to overcome the aforementioned problems, but innovative devices, formulations (thermoreversible gels, polymeric micro- and nano-particles, solid lipid microparticles, nanoemulsions), absorption enhancers (chitosan, papaverine), and mucoadhesive agents (chitosan, polyvinilpyrrolidone) are required in order to selectively target the antiviral drugs and, possibly, the AET inhibitors in the CNS. Moreover, several prodrugs of antiretroviral agents can inhibit or elude the AET systems, appearing as interesting substrates for innovative nasal formulations able to target anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) agents into macrophages of the CNS, which are one of the most important HIV Sanctuaries of the body.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.