ArticlePloS one2018
Global nutrition 1990-2015: A shrinking hungry, and expanding fat world.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Double Burden of Malnutrition in the Asia-Pacific Region-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled prevalence and associated factors of overweight/obesity among under-five children in 46 low- and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys data (2015-2024).PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Unhealthy food consumption and its determinants among children aged 6-23 months in Bangladesh: insights from the Demographic and Health Survey 2022.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Recent changes in growth trajectories: a population-based cohort study of over 5 million Brazilian children born between 2001 and 2014.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Observational
- High unhealthy food and beverage consumption is associated with poor diet quality among 12-35-month-olds in Guédiawaye Department, Senegal.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2021.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2022Article
- Article
- Prevalence and socio-economic determinants of inadequate dietary diversity among adolescent girls and boys in Bangladesh: findings from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.Journal of nutritional science · 2021Article
- A cross-sectional study on prevalence and determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age in a rural community of West Bengal.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2020Article
- The burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to high BMI in Brazil, 1990-2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study.Population health metrics · 2020Article
- Assessing inequalities and regional disparities in child nutrition outcomes in India using MANUSH - a more sensitive yardstick.International journal for equity in health · 2020Article
- Toward Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems.Current developments in nutrition · 2020Article
- Supporting Women's Participation in Developing A Seaweed Supply Chain in Kiribati for Health and Nutrition.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Goals in Nutrition Science 2020-2025.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
- Longitudinal Changes of One-Carbon Metabolites and Amino Acid Concentrations during Pregnancy in the Women First Maternal Nutrition Trial.Current developments in nutrition · 2020Article
- Sustainable Food Systems and the Mediterranean Diet.Nutrients · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesFollowing its publication in 2008, the Global Nutritional Index (GNI) which captures the triple burden of malnutrition, has been updated to assess the overall nutritional status and nutritional trends of countries, regions and the world, including both under-nutrition and over-nutrition.
methodsThe GNI was modeled on the Human Development Index, using geometric means of three normalized indicators: protein-energy malnutrition (PEM, measured by Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) from PEM), micronutrient deficiency (MID, measured by DALYs from MID), and penalizing obesity (percent female obesity). GNI (range 0-1) was calculated from 1990-2015 for 186 countries, in seven World Bank income and WHO region groupings.
resultsWorld GNI increased from 0.433 to 0.473 as decreased deficits overcompensated for the rise in obesity. GNI for African low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) (median 0.301 to 0.392) and South-East Asian LMIC (0.456 to 0.564) improved significantly (P<0.001), while for high-income countries (0.657 to 0.611) worsened significantly (P<0.001). GNI for American LMIC (0.459 to 0.457), European LMIC (0.571 to 0.575), Eastern Mediterranean LMIC (0.484 to 0.483) and Western Pacific LMIC (0.433 to 0.494) were unchanged. The disaggregation of the GNI showed that in nearly all the seven country groups there was a significant decrease in both PEM and MID (all P<0.01) (except in HIC where only PEM dropped), and a significant increase in obesity (all P<0.001).
conclusionThese trends are the result of the reciprocal changes between decreased under-nutrition and increased over-nutrition, which has become a major cause of malnutrition worldwide. We suggest, therefore, that future Sustainable Development Goals should include alongside "zero hunger"-"reduce obesity".
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