ArticlePloS one2018
Anti-inflammatory cytokine and angiogenic factors levels in vitreous samples of diabetic retinopathy patients.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Eye disease and mortality, cognition, disease, and modifiable risk factors: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies.Eye (London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Association between diabetic retinopathy and polymorphisms of cytokine genes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- The role of IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism and intraocular IL-6 levels in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Evaluation of the Effect of Garlic Tablet as a Complementary Treatment for Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy.Journal of diabetes research · 2022Trial
- Suvorexant protects from ocular complications of diabetes in db/db mice.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy in Wistar Rats Induced by Streptozotocin: A Window into Retinal Disease Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Non-invasive pharmacological advances in early retinopathy treatment: bioactive herbal compounds, polymer delivery systems, and computational bioprospecting of functional targets.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- Phenotype-driven management of diabetic macular edema: multimodal imaging biomarkers and individualized therapy.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Emerging liposomal therapies for diabetic retinopathy: a review of novel targeting approaches and advances in retinal health outcomes.Drug delivery · 2025Review
- Combined thermal and mild electrical stimulations modulate heat shock protein and VEGF in retinal pigment epithelial cells under high glucose.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy with low-dose IL-2 attenuates vascular injury in mice with diabetic and neovascular retinopathy by restoring the balance between Foxp3Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Article
- Unraveling the Role of Midkine in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Implications from Hypoxia-Induced Angiogenesis.Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni · 2025Article
- Reduced Aqueous Retinol-Binding Protein 3 Concentration Is Associated With Diabetic Macular Edema and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- PD protects Müller cells through the SIRT1/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Impaired Immunomodulatory Properties of the Retina from the Inflammatory Environment of the Damaged Eye.Inflammation · 2023Article
- Different responses of the MIO‑M1 Mueller cell line to angiotensin II under hyperglycemic or hypoxic conditions.Biomedical reports · 2023Article
- Ocular Vascular Diseases: From Retinal Immune Privilege to Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Association between Systemic Factors and Vitreous Fluid Cytokines in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Differential analysis of aqueous humor cytokine levels in patients with macular edema secondary to diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Evaluation of cytokines in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is important for the identification of future additive or alternative treatment options. Therefore, vitreous samples were obtained from patients with DR and patients with macular hole or macular pucker (control group) during 23-gauge-vitrectomy (n = 17/group). The levels of three pro-inflammatory (IL-1ß, IL-6, IFN-γ) and pleiotropic cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-13) as well as VEGF, VEGF-A, and PGF were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-1ß (p = 0.02) and IFN-γ (p = 0.04), two of the three tested pro-inflammatory cytokines, were elevated in the DR patients, while IL-6 (p = 0.51) level was comparable in both groups. Moreover, in DR samples, a trend towards an IL-13 down-regulation (p = 0.36) was observable. The IL-2 (p = 0.62) and IL-4 (p = 0.78) levels were comparable in both groups. All analyzed angiogenetic factors were up-regulated in DR patients (VEGF: p<0.001; VEGF-A: p = 0.002; PGF: p<0.001). The up-regulation of angiogenetic factors underline their importance in DR development. However, the interaction of the other cytokines showed an interesting pattern. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were also up-regulated, which could be evidence for inflammation processes in the diabetic retina. Furthermore, it seems that a counter response of immunomodulatory cytokines is in an initial process, but not strong enough to regulate the processes. Therefore, to support these anti-inflammatory mechanisms might be additive treatment option in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.