ArticleBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)2018
The effect of medical and operative birth interventions on child health outcomes in the first 28 days and up to 5 years of age: A linked data population-based cohort study.
Article in Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preference of mode of delivery and associated factors among mothers in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Association of cesarean section with asthma in children/adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on cohort studies.BMC pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- The association of birth by caesarean section and cognitive outcomes in offspring: a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Pediatrics Consequences of Caesarean Section-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Biochemical tests of placental function versus ultrasound assessment of fetal size for stillbirth and small-for-gestational-age infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Estimating the effect of cesarean delivery on long-term childhood health across two countries.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Cesarean delivery on maternal request and common child health outcomes: A prospective cohort study in China.Journal of global health · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and vaginal delivery in pregnant women: an observational case-control study from Türkiye.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Rising Global Cesarean Section Rates and Their Impact on Maternal and Child Health: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Can Vaginal Seeding at Birth Improve Health Outcomes of Cesarean Section-Delivered Infants? A Scoping Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Midwifery Continuity of Care During Pregnancy, Birth, and the Postpartum Period: A Matched Cohort Study.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Article
- A Higher Maternal Education Level Could Be a Critical Factor in the Exceeded Cesarean Section Delivery in Indonesia.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Article
- Caesarean section and risk of infection in offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.BMJ medicine · 2024Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Jaundice Among Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units at Public Specialized Hospitals in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia.Global pediatric health · 2024Article
- Article
- Association between screening for antenatal depressive symptoms and delivery outcomes: The Born in Queensland Study.The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology · 2022Article
- Morbidity and psychomotor development of offspring of women with gestational diabetes: a 5-year follow-up.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Realigning Expectations With Reality: A Case Study on Maternal Mental Health During a Difficult Breastfeeding Journey.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSpontaneous vaginal birth rates are decreasing worldwide, while cesarean delivery, instrumental births, and medical birth interventions are increasing. Emerging evidence suggests that birth interventions may have an effect on children's health. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the association between operative and medical birth interventions on the child's health during the first 28 days and up to 5 years of age.
methodsIn New South Wales (Australia), population-linked data sets were analyzed, including data on maternal characteristics, child characteristics, mode of birth, interventions during labor and birth, and adverse health outcomes of the children (ie, jaundice, feeding problems, hypothermia, asthma, respiratory infections, gastrointestinal disorders, other infections, metabolic disorder, and eczema) registered with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification codes. Logistic regression analyses were performed for each adverse health outcome.
resultsOur analyses included 491 590 women and their children; of those 38% experienced a spontaneous vaginal birth. Infants who experienced an instrumental birth after induction or augmentation had the highest risk of jaundice, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.61-2.91) compared with spontaneous vaginal birth. Children born by cesarean delivery were particularly at statistically significantly increased risk for infections, eczema, and metabolic disorder, compared with spontaneous vaginal birth. Children born by emergency cesarean delivery showed the highest association for metabolic disorder, aOR 2.63 (95% CI 2.26-3.07).
conclusionChildren born by spontaneous vaginal birth had fewer short- and longer-term health problems, compared with those born after birth interventions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.