ArticlePeerJ2018
The anatomy of the foveola reinvestigated.
Article in PeerJ, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optical coherence tomography angiography imaging characteristics and clinical significance of the foveal vertical hyperreflective line in patients with macular neovascularisation.Eye (London, England) · 2026Observational
- Clinical anatomy of the macula.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2025Review
- Aging of the eye: Lessons from cataracts and age-related macular degeneration.Ageing research reviews · 2024Review
- Blastocyst-like Structures in the Peripheral Retina of Young Adult Beagles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Peak Cone Density Predicted from Outer Segment Length Measured on Optical Coherence Tomography.Current eye research · 2024Article
- TRPP2 is located in the primary cilia of human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Pupillometry to show stress release during equine sports massage therapy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Macular Anatomy Differs in Dyslexic Subjects.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Functional Optical Coherence Tomography for Intrinsic Signal Optoretinography: Recent Developments and Deployment Challenges.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Macrophage-Like Cell Density Is Increased in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Characterized by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Role of Oxidative Stress and Blood Vessels.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Evolution and visual outcomes of outer foveolar lucency after surgery for large idiopathic macular hole.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2020Article
- Reduced photoreceptor outer segment layer thickness in mild commotio retinae without ellipsoid zone disruption.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2020Article
- Hyperreflective Stress Lines and Macular Holes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Multimodal imaging including optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with type B Niemann-Pick disease.International ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Data showing the shapes of cones and Müller cells within the fovea of monkeys reconstructed from serial sections and focused ion beam analysis.Data in brief · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveIn the foveola of the eye, photoreceptors and Müller cells with a unique morphology have been described, but little is known about their 3D structure and orientation. Considering that there is an angle-dependent change in the foveolar photoreceptor response for the same light beam, known as the Stiles Crawford Effect of the first kind (SCE I), which is still not fully understood, a detailed analysis of the anatomy of the foveolar cells might help to clarify this phenomenon.
methodsSerial semithin and ultrathin sections, and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography were prepared from 32 foveolae from monkeys (
resultsIn monkeys, outer segments of central foveolar cones are twice as long as those from parafoveal cones and do not run completely parallel to the incident light. Unique Müller cells are present in the central foveolae (area of 200 µm in diameter) of humans and monkeys. Light entering the fovea center, which is composed only of cones and Müller cells, at an angle of 0° causes a very bright spot after passing through this area. However, when the angle of the light beam is changed to 10°, less light is measured after transpasssing through the retina, the foveolar center becomes darker and the SCE-like phenomenon is directly visible. Measurements of the intensities of light transmission through the central foveola for the incident angles 0 and 10° resemble the relative luminance efficiency for narrow light bundles as a function of the location where the beam enters the pupil as reported by Stiles and Crawford. The effect persisted after carefully brushing away the outer segments.
conclusionWe show that unique cones and Müller cells with light fibre-like properties are present in the center of the fovea. These unique Müller cells cause an angle dependent, SCE-like drop in the intensity of light guided through the foveola. Outer segments from the foveolar cones of monkeys are not straight.
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