ArticleTobacco control2019
Price, tax and tobacco product substitution in Zambia: findings from the ITC Zambia Surveys.
Article in Tobacco control, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of tobacco industry pricing and marketing strategy on brand choice, loyalty and cessation in global south countries: a systematic review.International journal of public health · 2020Pooled it
- Article
- Making cigarette taxes more effective in Mozambique: A simulation analysis using the Tobacco Excise Tax Simulation Model (TETSiM).PloS one · 2026Article
- Cigarette Prices and Smoking Experimentation Among Zimbabwean Children: A Survival Analysis of the 2014 Global Youth Tobacco Survey.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Price elasticity of cigarette smoking in Bangladesh: evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys (GATS).Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Cigarette prices and smoking among adults in eight sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Prevalence, regional patterns and socio-demographic factors associated with poly-tobacco use in India: A secondary data analysis.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Patterns of tobacco use in low and middle income countries by tobacco product and sociodemographic characteristics: nationally representative survey data from 82 countries.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Article
- Cigarette Prices and Smoking Among Youth in 16 African Countries: Evidence From the Global Youth Tobacco Survey.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Effect of relative income price on smoking initiation among adolescents in Ghana: evidence from pseudo-longitudinal data.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Assessment of Tobacco Control Policy Instruments, Status and Effectiveness in Africa: A Systematic Literature Review.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2021Review
- Determinants of smoking intensity in South Africa: Evidence from township communities.Preventive medicine reports · 2020Article
- "Look at Me, I Plan to Quit Smoking": Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of Adolescent Smokers' Intention to Quit Smoking.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Legal Steps to Secure the Tobacco Supply Chain: A Case Study of Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Consequences of policy incoherence: how Zambia's post-FCTC investment policy stimulated tobacco production.Journal of public health policy · 2019Article
- Identifying factors associated with quit intentions among smokers from two nationally representative samples in Africa: Findings from the ITC Kenya and Zambia Surveys.Preventive medicine reports · 2019Article
- Effects of Prices on Youth Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use Initiation in Ghana and Nigeria.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Economics of tobacco control (part 3): evidence from the ITC Project.Tobacco control · 2019Article
- Alcohol and Tobacco Use among Men in Zambia and Zimbabwe.Journal of lifestyle medicine · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn Zambia, the number of cigarette users is growing, and the lack of strong tax policies is likely an important cause. When adjusted for inflation, levels of tobacco tax have not changed since 2007. Moreover, roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco, a less-costly alternative to factory-made (FM) cigarettes, is highly prevalent. DATA AND
methodsWe modelled the probability of FM and RYO cigarette smoking using individual-level data obtained from the 2012 and 2014 waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Zambia Survey. We used two estimation methods: the standard estimation method involving separate random effects probit models and a method involving a system of equations (incorporating bivariate seemingly unrelated random effects probit) to estimate price elasticities of FM and RYO cigarettes and their cross-price elasticities.
resultsThe estimated price elasticities of smoking prevalence are -0.20 and -0.03 for FM and RYO cigarettes, respectively. FM and RYO are substitutes; that is, when the price of one of the products goes up, some smokers switch to the other product. The effects are stronger for substitution from FM to RYO than vice versa.
conclusionsThis study affirms that increasing cigarette tax with corresponding price increases could significantly reduce cigarette use in Zambia. Furthermore, reducing between-product price differences would reduce substitution from FM to RYO. Since RYO use is associated with lower socioeconomic status, efforts to decrease RYO use, including through tax/price approaches and cessation assistance, would decrease health inequalities in Zambian society and reduce the negative economic consequences of tobacco use experienced by the poor.
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