ArticleMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2018
Stool Immune Profiles Evince Gastrointestinal Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease.
Article in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 215 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in alpha-synucleinopathies: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 during the early postnatal period in term infants.Pediatric research · 2026Trial
- Gut microbiota modulation via repeated donor fecal transplantation improves motor and gastrointestinal symptoms in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease: a randomized phase 2 trial.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Trial
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- Gut microbial dysbiosis in a Southern Chinese cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- Elevated levels of colonic interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder without associated changes in permeability.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- LRRK2NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Interleukin-6 restricts pre-thymic T cell lineage commitment of progenitors driving loss of SIV control.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Gut Dysbiosis and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms Along the Gut-Brain Axis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spatial single-cell multiomics reveals peripheral immune dysfunction in Parkinson's and inflammatory bowel disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Alternate-day fasting ameliorates α-synuclein pathology and suppresses inflammation via the gut-brain axis in an MPTP-induced subacute mouse model of Parkinson's disease.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- Marine Bioactive Components and Chronic Neuroinflammation: Focus on Neurodegenerative Disease.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- "Recommendations for clinical study protocols for immune and inflammatory profiling in Parkinson's disease".NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Assessing prevalence and risk factors for REM sleep behavior disorder among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- An update on the involvement of inflammatory mediators in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- Six Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Treadmill Exercise Improves Intestinal Barrier and Intestinal Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- PINK1 deficiency rewires early immune responses in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease triggered by intestinal infection.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Microglial dynamics and neuroinflammation in prodromal and early Parkinson's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGastrointestinal symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease and frequently precede the development of motor impairments. Intestinal inflammation has been proposed as a driver of disease pathology, and evaluation of inflammatory mediators in stool could possibly identify valuable early-stage biomarkers. We measured immune- and angiogenesis-related proteins in human stool to examine inflammatory profiles associated with Parkinson's disease.
methodsStool samples and subjects' self-reported metadata were obtained from 156 individuals with Parkinson's disease and 110 without, including spouse and nonhousehold controls. Metadata were probed for disease-associated differences, and levels of 37 immune and angiogenesis factors in stool homogenates were measured by multiplexed immunoassay and compared across experimental groups.
resultsParkinson's disease patients reported greater incidence of intestinal disease and digestive problems than controls. Direct comparison of levels of stool analytes in patients and controls revealed elevated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, interleukin-1α, and CXCL8 in patients' stool. Paired comparison of patients and spouses suggested higher levels of multiple factors in patients, but this was complicated by sex differences. Sex, body mass index, a history of smoking, and use of probiotics were found to strongly influence levels of stool analytes. Multivariate analysis accounting for these and other potential confounders confirmed elevated levels of interleukin-1α and CXCL8 and also revealed increased interleukin-1β and C-reactive protein in stool in Parkinson's disease. These differences were not dependent on subject age or disease duration.
conclusionsLevels of stool immune factors indicate that intestinal inflammation is present in patients with Parkinson's disease. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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