SynthesisPharmacoEconomics2018
A Systematic Review of Studies Comparing the Measurement Properties of the Three-Level and Five-Level Versions of the EQ-5D.
Synthesis in PharmacoEconomics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 199 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Somatosensory Profiles in Individuals With Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Evaluating Quality of Life of AF Patients Following a Bleed
The Effects and Cost-effectiveness of a Technology-based Family-centered Empowerment (T-FAME) Program on Health and Health Service Utilization Outcomes of Post-discharged Patients With Advanced Heart Failure: A Sequential Mixed Method Study
Implementing a Digital Telerehabilitation Protocol and Non-motor Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Patients With Functional Motor Disorders: a Feasibility 2-arm Parallel Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
The Effectiveness of Combining a Home-based Digital Motor Telerehabilitation Program With Conventional Therapy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: a Multicentre, Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
199 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The EQ-5D-5L index as a measure of health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Measurement Properties of the EQ-5D Instruments in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of major age-related eye disorders on health-related quality of life assessed by EQ-5D: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Pooled it
- Measurement properties of the EQ-5D in populations with a mean age of ≥ 75 years: a systematic review.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023Pooled it
- Economic evaluation of interventions for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 at 6 Months and Above: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Feasibility of the EQ-5D in the elderly population: a systematic review of the literature.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L: a systematic review of the literature.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2021Pooled it
- Health State Utility Values in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: What is the Evidence?PharmacoEconomics · 2020Pooled it
- Administration-order effects in head-to-head comparisons of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L descriptive systems: evidence from a randomised general-population panel in Great Britain.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of Remote Cognitive-Behavioral-Based Therapy for Chronic Pain Among People With High-Impact Chronic Pain.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2026Trial
- Proxy reports on the EQ-5D-5L in residential aged care facilities: a validation study.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Trial
- Graded Motor Imagery (GRAMI Protocol) for Phantom Limb Pain: A Randomised Clinical Trial of Home-Based Intervention.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Clinical and cost-effectiveness of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, flexible ureterorenoscopy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for lower pole stones: the PUrE RCTs.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Trial
- A comparison of health-related quality of life between continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritoneal dialysis in children with stage 5 chronic kidney disease in Thailand: a randomized controlled trial.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Trial
- Effects of self-monitoring physical activity with wearable activity trackers on perceived joint function and health-related quality of life in people with hip and knee osteoarthritis: a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomised clinical trial.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness of Myofascial Release Combined With Capacitive-Resistive Therapy in Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Pain research & management · 2025Trial
- Remotely delivered weight management for people with long COVID and overweight: the randomized wait-list-controlled ReDIRECT trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of the Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Program-Care in Informal Caregivers of People with Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
139 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSince the introduction of the five-level version of the EQ-5D (5L), many studies have comparatively investigated the measurement properties of the original three-level version (3L) with the 5L version.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to consolidate the available evidence on the performance of both instruments.
methodsA systematic literature search of studies in the English and German languages was conducted (2007-January 2018) using the PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO (EBSCO) databases, as well as the EuroQol Research Foundation website. Data were extracted and assessed on missing values, distributional properties, informativity indices (Shannon's H' and J'), inconsistencies, responsiveness, and test-retest reliability.
resultsTwenty-four studies were included in the review. Missing values and floor effects (percentage reporting the worst health state) were found to be negligible for both 3L and 5L (< 5%). From 18 studies, inconsistencies ranged from 0 to 10.6%, although they were generally well below 5%, with 9 studies reporting the most inconsistencies for Usual Activities (mean percentage 4.1%). Shannon's indices were always higher for 5L than for 3L, and all but three studies reported lower ceiling effects ('11111') for 5L than for 3L. There is mixed and insufficient evidence on responsiveness and test-retest reliability, although results on index values showed better performance for 5L on test-retest reliability.
conclusionOverall, studies showed similar or better measurement properties of the 5L compared with the 3L, and evidence indicated moderately better distributional parameters and substantial improvement in informativity for the 5L compared with the 3L. Insufficient evidence on responsiveness and test-retest reliability implies further research is needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.