ReviewEndocrine2018
Klinefelter syndrome, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes: review of literature and clinical perspectives.
Review in Endocrine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burden of Liver Disease Among Individuals With Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome: A Comprehensive Perspective.Chronic diseases and translational medicine · 2026Article
- The hidden in plain sight: global, regional, and national trends in the pediatric burden of Klinefelter syndrome, 1990-2021.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Mild liver dysfunction in Klinefelter syndrome is associated with abdominal obesity and elevated lipids but not testosterone treatment.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Article
- Male Fertility as a Proxy for Health.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- The impact of chromosomal sex on cardiometabolic health and disease.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM · 2023Review
- Unlocking the mystery associated with infertility and prostate cancer: an update.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Review
- Triglyceride-glucose index levels in patients with Klinefelter syndrome and its relationship with endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance: a cross-sectional observational study.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Observational
- Testosterone deficiency independently predicts mortality in women with HFrEF: insights from the T.O.S.CA. registry.ESC heart failure · 2023Observational
- First baseline data of the Klinefelter ItaliaN Group (KING) cohort: clinical features of adult with Klinefelter syndrome in Italy.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Observational
- Metabolic and Nutritional Aspects in Paediatric Patients with Klinefelter Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2022Review
- In-vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in Klinefelter syndrome.Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research · 2022Article
- Metabolic Profile in a Cohort of Young Sicilian Patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome: The Role of Irisin.International journal of endocrinology · 2022Article
- Glucose metabolic disorder in Klinefelter syndrome: a retrospective analysis in a single Chinese hospital and literature review.BMC endocrine disorders · 2021Review
- What Every Internist-Endocrinologist Should Know about Rare Genetic Syndromes in Order to Prevent Needless Diagnostics, Missed Diagnoses and Medical Complications: Five Years of 'Internal Medicine for Rare Genetic Syndromes'.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- At what age should we attempt to retrieve sperm from males with Klinefelter syndrome.Translational andrology and urology · 2021Review
- Body roundness index is a superior indicator to associate with the cardio-metabolic risk: evidence from a cross-sectional study with 17,000 Eastern-China adults.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2021Article
- From mini-puberty to pre-puberty: early impairment of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis with normal testicular function in children with non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2021Article
- Nonsurgical Management of Oligozoospermia.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Article
- High prevalence of cardiometabolic risk features in adolescents with 47,XXY/Klinefelter syndrome.American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics · 2020Article
- Comprehensive men's health and male infertility.Translational andrology and urology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeKlinefelter syndrome (KS), the most frequent chromosomic abnormality in males, is associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The mechanisms involved in increasing risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are not completely understood. This review summarises the current understandings of the complex relationship between KS, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in order to plan future studies and improve current strategies to reduce mortality in this high-risk population.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for manuscripts published prior to November 2017 using key words "Klinefelter syndrome" AND "insulin resistance" OR "metabolic syndrome" OR "diabetes mellitus" OR "cardiovascular disease" OR "testosterone". Manuscripts were collated, studied and carried forward for discussion where appropriate.
resultsInsulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are more frequently diagnosed in KS than in the general population; however, the contribution of hypogonadism to metabolic derangement is highly controversial. Whether this dangerous combination of risk factors fully explains the CVD burden of KS patients remains unclear. In addition, testosterone replacement therapy only exerts a marginal action on the CVD system.
conclusionSince fat accumulation and distribution seem to play a relevant role in triggering metabolic abnormalities, an early diagnosis and a tailored intervention strategy with drugs aimed at targeting excessive visceral fat deposition appear necessary in patients with KS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.