ArticlePediatrics2018
Incidence and Costs of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Among Infants With Medicaid: 2004
Article in Pediatrics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06576323 (An Intervention Mapping Approach to Closing the Gap in Maternal OUD and Infant NAS Care), which is not on this map. Cited by 199 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Intervention Mapping Approach to Closing the Gap in Maternal OUD and Infant NAS Care
Who cites it
199 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Proposing a "Brain Health Checkup (BHC)" as a Global Potential "Standard of Care" to Overcome Reward Dysregulation in Primary Care Medicine: Coupling Genetic Risk Testing and Induction of "Dopamine Homeostasis".International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Outcome reporting in neonates experiencing withdrawal following opioid exposure in pregnancy: a systematic review.Trials · 2020Pooled it
- Pharmacological Treatments for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Eat, Sleep, Console Approach or Usual Care for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal.The New England journal of medicine · 2023Trial
- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Severity Index Predicts 18-Month Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Neonates Randomized to Morphine or Methadone.The Journal of pediatrics · 2020Trial
- A comparison of dual vs. single diagnostic code approaches for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome surveillance in neonates ≥ 35 weeks gestational age.BMC pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Utilization of health and supportive services amongst children with prenatal opioid exposure: a mixed methods and community-initiated analysis.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Article
- An intervention mapping approach to closing the gap in maternal OUD and infant NOWS care: a study protocol.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Neonatal Toxicology Testing: Ethical Considerations for Pediatricians.Hospital pediatrics · 2026Article
- Prenatal drug use criminalization and health system avoidance: Evidence from births in Alabama, South Carolina, and Tennessee, 1989-2019.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Prenatal Substance Exposure and Infant Discharge Placement: Results From the ACT NOW Study.Child maltreatment · 2025Article
- The acoustic properties, syllable structure, and syllable sequences of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during neonatal opioid withdrawal in FVB/N mouse substrains.Addiction neuroscience · 2025Article
- Relationship between opioid use disorder during pregnancy, delivery-related outcomes, and healthcare utilization in Michigan Medicaid, 2012-2021.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Usability, Acceptability, User Experience, and Design of an Interactive Responsive Platform to Improve Perinatal Nurses' Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Substance Use in Pregnancy: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Usability, Acceptability, User Experience, and Design of an Interactive Responsive Platform to Improve Perinatal Nurses' Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Substance Use in Pregnancy: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Early parent-child interaction and home environments of children exposed prenatally to opioids: A comparison of biological mothers and out-of-home caregivers.Infant mental health journal · 2025Article
- Buprenorphine vs. morphine: impact on neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) outcomes in a single center retrospective study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
139 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo describe incidence, health care use, and cost trends for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) who are covered by Medicaid compared with other infants.
methodsWe used 2004-2014 hospital birth data from the National Inpatient Sample, a nationally representative sample of hospital discharges in the United States (
resultsMedicaid covered 73.7% of NAS-related births in 2004 (95% confidence interval [CI], 68.9%-77.9%) and 82.0% of NAS-related births in 2014 (95% CI, 80.5%-83.5%). Among infants covered by Medicaid, NAS incidence increased more than fivefold during our study period, from 2.8 per 1000 births (95% CI, 2.1-3.6) in 2004 to 14.4 per 1000 births (95% CI, 12.9-15.8) in 2014. Infants with NAS who were covered by Medicaid were significantly more likely to be transferred to another hospital and have a longer length of stay than infants without NAS who were enrolled in Medicaid or infants with NAS who were covered by private insurance. Adjusting for inflation, total hospital costs for NAS births that were covered by Medicaid increased from $65.4 million in 2004 to $462 million in 2014. The proportion of neonatal hospital costs due to NAS increased from 1.6% in 2004 to 6.7% in 2014 among births that were covered by Medicaid.
conclusionsThe number of Medicaid-financed births that are impacted by NAS has risen substantially and totaled $462 million in hospital costs in 2014. Improving affordable health insurance coverage for low-income women before pregnancy would expand access to substance use disorder treatment and could reduce NAS-related morbidity and costs.
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Registered trials
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