Feedback from human posterior parietal cortex enables visuospatial category representations as early as primary visual cortex.

Introduction: Categorization is a fundamental cognitive process, whereby the brain assigns meaning to sensory stimuli. Previous studies have found category representations in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). However, these higher-order areas lack the fine-scale spatial representations of early sensory areas, and it remains unclear what mechanisms enable flexible categorization based on fine-scale features. Methods: In this study, we decoded functional MRI signals and measured causal influences, across visual, parietal, and prefrontal cortex from participants performing categorization based on coarse- or fine-scale spatial information in thirteen healthy adults. Results: We show that category information based on coarse discriminations was represented in the PPC, in the intraparietal sulcus region, IPS1/2, at an early stage of categorization trials, whereas representations of category information based on fine-scale discriminations formed later during interactions between IPS1/2 and primary visual cortex (V1). Specifically, when fine-scale discriminations were necessary, we decoded significant category information from V1 at an intermediate stage of trials and again from IPS1/2 at a late stage. IPS1/2 feedback was critical, because categorization performance improved as causal influence from IPS1/2 to V1 increased. Further, these mechanisms were plastic, as the selectivity of IPS1/2 and V1 responses shifted markedly with retraining to categorize the same stimuli into two new groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that reentrant processing between the PPC and visual cortex enables flexible abstraction of category information.