Observational studyPloS one2018
Performance of the inFLUenza Patient-Reported Outcome (FLU-PRO) diary in patients with influenza-like illness (ILI).
Observational study in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Raising the patient's voice in influenza research and care: a systematic review of patient-reported outcomes.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- The Cost of Seasonal Influenza: A Systematic Literature Review on the Humanistic and Economic Burden of Influenza in Older (≥ 65 Years Old) Adults.Advances in therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effect of blueberry consumption on regulatory lymphocyte phenotypes and NK cell functional activity in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- The respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F protein vaccine attenuates the severity of respiratory syncytial virus-associated disease in breakthrough infections in adults ≥60 years of age.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Safety and Efficacy of CR6261 in an Influenza A H1N1 Healthy Human Challenge Model.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Effect of Early Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir and Ritonavir on Risk of Hospitalization Among Patients With COVID-19: The TOGETHER Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2021Trial
- Intravenous peramivir vs oral oseltamivir in high-risk emergency department patients with influenza: Results from a pilot randomized controlled study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2021Trial
- Estimating the Range and Duration of Post-influenza Symptoms, Conditions, and Diseases.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Baloxavir marboxil versus oseltamivir for influenza A in children aged 5 years and older: a community-based prospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Distinguishing common respiratory pathogens using machine learning of symptom profiles to prioritize diagnostic testing.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- The one-month impact of influenza infection on patient-reported symptom burden among symptomatic U.S. adults with a test-confirmed illness: a longitudinal study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Health-related Quality of Life in European Older Adults with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Over Three Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasons.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Influenza-like illness in cigarette smokers and electronic-cigarette users: a secondary analysis from the PAIVED study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Artemether-lumefantrine versus pyronaridine-artesunate for the treatment of malaria in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 in Kenya and Burkina Faso: a randomised open-label trial (MALCOV).EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Patient-Reported Outcomes and Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures in Infectious Diseases Studies and Clinical Practice.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Self-reported COVID-19 severity among persons with tuberculosis infection in western Kenya, 2021.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Coordinated nasal mucosa-mediated immunity accelerates recovery from COVID-19.ERJ open research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
30 authors at 16 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe inFLUenza Patient Reported Outcome (FLU-PRO) measure is a daily diary assessing signs/symptoms of influenza across six body systems: Nose, Throat, Eyes, Chest/Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Body/Systemic, developed and tested in adults with influenza.
objectivesThis study tested the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of FLU-PRO scores in adults with influenza-like illness (ILI).
methodsData from the prospective, observational study used to develop and test the FLU-PRO in influenza virus positive patients were analyzed. Adults (≥18 years) presenting with influenza symptoms in outpatient settings in the US, UK, Mexico, and South America were enrolled, tested for influenza virus, and asked to complete the 37-item draft FLU-PRO daily for up to 14-days. Analyses were performed on data from patients testing negative. Reliability of the final, 32-item FLU-PRO was estimated using Cronbach's alpha (α; Day 1) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC; 2-day reproducibility). Convergent and known-groups validity were assessed using patient global assessments of influenza severity (PGA). Patient report of return to usual health was used to assess responsiveness (Day 1-7).
resultsThe analytical sample included 220 ILI patients (mean age = 39.3, 64.1% female, 88.6% white). Sixty-one (28%) were hospitalized at some point in their illness. Internal consistency reliability (α) of FLU-PRO Total score was 0.90 and ranged from 0.72-0.86 for domain scores. Reproducibility (Day 1-2) was 0.64 for Total, ranging from 0.46-0.78 for domain scores. Day 1 FLU-PRO scores correlated (≥0.30) with the PGA (except Gastrointestinal) and were significantly different across PGA severity groups (Total: F = 81.7, p<0.001; subscales: F = 6.9-62.2; p<0.01). Mean score improvements Day 1-7 were significantly greater in patients reporting return to usual health compared with those who did not (p<0.05, Total and subscales, except Gastrointestinal and Eyes).
conclusionsResults suggest FLU-PRO scores are reliable, valid, and responsive in adults with influenza-like illness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.