ReviewJournal of current ophthalmology2018
Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in Journal of current ophthalmology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 258 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Zimbabwe Eyecare And Learning: Formative Research on Hyperopia and Educational Outcomes in Primary School Children in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe
Contoura Topography-guided Ablation Versus Wavefront-optimized Ablation for Correction of Astigmatism
Who cites it
258 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 561 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-term astigmatism reduction with toric intraocular lenses: systematic review.Journal of cataract and refractive surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Health of school-age children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of clinically significant refractive error in children in Europe: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020.Eye (London, England) · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of astigmatism on visual outcomes after multifocal intraocular lens implantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2022Pooled it
- Ocular findings in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A systematic literature review and results of a Dutch multicenter study.American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Accuracy of a low-cost, portable, refractive error estimation device: Results of a diagnostic accuracy trial.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Epidemiology of Refractive Error in Ghana: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Myopia in Europe: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Preservation and Reuse of KLEx Lenticules: From Biobanking to Therapeutic and Refractive Innovations.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and initial validation of the PREP questionnaire into Spanish for assessing quality of life in children wearing spectacles.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- Effect of fogging lenses on accommodation using an open-view portable wavefront autorefractor.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- Disparity and Inequity of Elementary School Children's Vision Health and Basic Clinic Resources in Rural and Urban Areas in Taiwan.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Astigmatic vector outcomes after FS-LASIK versus SMILE for high myopic astigmatism: a single-center retrospective comparative cohort study without cyclotorsion compensation.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Visual and refractive outcomes of eyes with low corneal astigmatism implanted with low toric or non-toric trifocal intraocular lenses.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Utilization of a self-refracting system on the streets to improve vision in an urban unhoused population.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Regional choroidal perfusion deficits and vector-based choroidal associations in adolescent astigmatism.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
198 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe aim of the study was a systematic review of refractive errors across the world according to the WHO regions.
methodsTo extract articles on the prevalence of refractive errors for this meta-analysis, international databases were searched from 1990 to 2016. The results of the retrieved studies were merged using a random effect model and reported as estimated pool prevalence (EPP) with 95% confidence interval (CI).
resultsIn children, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.5-13.0), 4.6% (95% CI: 3.9-5.2), and 14.9% (95% CI: 12.7-17.1), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 4.9% (95% CI: 1.6-8.1) in South-East Asia to 18.2% (95% CI: 10.9-25.5) in the Western Pacific region, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 2.2% (95% CI: 1.2-3.3) in South-East Asia to 14.3% (95% CI: 13.4-15.2) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 9.8% in South-East Asia to 27.2% in the Americas. In adults, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 26.5% (95% CI: 23.4-29.6), 30.9% (95% CI: 26.2-35.6), and 40.4% (95% CI: 34.3-46.6), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 16.2% (95% CI: 15.6-16.8) in the Americas to 32.9% (95% CI: 25.1-40.7) in South-East Asia, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 23.1% (95% CI: 6.1%-40.2%) in Europe to 38.6% (95% CI: 22.4-54.8) in Africa and 37.2% (95% CI: 25.3-49) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 11.4% (95% CI: 2.1-20.7) in Africa to 45.6% (95% CI: 44.1-47.1) in the Americas and 44.8% (95% CI: 36.6-53.1) in South-East Asia. The results of meta-regression showed that the prevalence of myopia increased from 1993 (10.4%) to 2016 (34.2%) (
conclusionThis report showed that astigmatism was the most common refractive errors in children and adults followed by hyperopia and myopia. The highest prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was seen in South-East Asian adults. The highest prevalence of hyperopia in children and adults was seen in the Americas.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.