ArticleOptometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry2018
The ipRGC-Driven Pupil Response with Light Exposure, Refractive Error, and Sleep.
Article in Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Status of research on the application of melatonin in insomnia based on bibliometric visualization analysis and development trends.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Associations between systemic melatonin and human myopia: A systematic review.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- Retinal light perception and biological rhythms: The role of light in sleep and mood from an ophthalmic perspective (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Childhood Myopia Part II: Treatment Mechanisms, Emerging Options, and Considerations.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of sclera in lens-induced myopic guinea pigs.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Pupillometric and perceptual approaches provide independent estimates of melanopsin activity in humans.Sleep · 2025Article
- Observational
- Pupillary Light Reflex Reveals Melanopsin System Alteration in the Background of Myopia-26, the Female Limited Form of Early-Onset High Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- The association between pupillary responses and axial length in children differs as a function of season.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Light exposure differs by sex in the US, with females receiving less bright light.Npj biological timing and sleep · 2024Article
- Smart Devices in Optometry: Current and Future Perspectives to Clinical Optometry.Clinical optometry · 2024Review
- The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin in Degenerative Fundus Diseases: Diabetes Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Review
- Dynamic Pupillary Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with and without Optic Neuritis.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study of Myopia and Morning Melatonin Status in Northern Irish Adolescent Children.Journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Using Light Meters to Investigate the Light-Myopia Association - A Literature Review of Devices and Research Methods.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupil responses in patients with traumatic brain injury.Vision research · 2021Article
- Photophobia in migraine: A symptom cluster?Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache · 2021Review
- The Effect of Refractive Error on Melanopsin-Driven Pupillary Responses.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
significanceWe investigated links between the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, light exposure, refractive error, and sleep. Results showed that morning melatonin was associated with light exposure, with modest differences in sleep quality between myopes and emmetropes. Findings suggest a complex relationship between light exposure and these physiological processes. PURPOSE: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) signal environmental light, with pathways to the midbrain to control pupil size and circadian rhythm. Evidence suggests that light exposure plays a role in refractive error development. Our goal was to investigate links between light exposure, ipRGCs, refractive error, and sleep.
methodsFifty subjects, aged 17-40, participated (19 emmetropes and 31 myopes). A subset of subjects (n = 24) wore an Actiwatch Spectrum for 1 week. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was administered, and saliva samples were collected for melatonin analysis. The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) to 1 s and 5 s long- and short-wavelength stimuli was measured. Pupil metrics included the 6 s and 30 s PIPR and early and late area under the curve.
resultsSubjects spent 104.8 ± 46.6 min outdoors per day over the previous week. Morning melatonin concentration (6.9 ± 3.5 pg/ml) was significantly associated with time outdoors and objectively measured light exposure (P = .01 and .002, respectively). Pupil metrics were not significantly associated with light exposure or refractive error. PSQI scores indicated good sleep quality for emmetropes (score 4.2 ± 2.3) and poor sleep quality for myopes (5.6 ± 2.2, P = .04).
conclusionsWe found that light exposure and time outdoors influenced morning melatonin concentration. No differences in melatonin or the ipRGC-driven pupil response were observed between refractive error groups, although myopes exhibited poor sleep quality compared to emmetropes. Findings suggest that a complex relationship between light exposure, ipRGCs, refractive error, and sleep exists.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.