ArticleCost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E2018
Econometric estimation of WHO-CHOICE country-specific costs for inpatient and outpatient health service delivery.
Article in Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Estimated economic burden of genital herpes and HIV attributable to herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in 90 low- and middle-income countries: A modeling study.PLoS medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Xpert Ultra stool testing to diagnose tuberculosis in children in Ethiopia and Indonesia: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Disease-Related Costs Published in The Middle East and North Africa Region: Systematic Review and Analysis of Transferability.PharmacoEconomics · 2022Pooled it
- e-income countries from a provider's perspective: a systematic review.BMJ global health · 2020Pooled it
- Cost of illness for childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of evidence and modelled estimates.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- Healthcare resource use among participants in a randomized trial of partner-based HIV treatment for seroconcordant couples in antenatal and postnatal care in rural Mozambique.BMC research notes · 2026Trial
- Cost Analysis of the PARENT Trial of Community Health Workers in Early Childhood Preventive Care: A Secondary Analysis of a Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Bringing malaria diagnosis and treatment closer to the people: economic rationale for expanding malaria community case management to all ages in a rural district in Madagascar.Malaria journal · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of integrating paediatric tuberculosis services into child healthcare services in Africa: a modelling analysis of a cluster-randomised trial.BMJ global health · 2024Trial
- A cost-effectiveness analysis of early detection and bundled treatment of postpartum hemorrhage alongside the E-MOTIVE trial.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- Healthcare use and costs among individuals receiving mental health services for depression within primary care in Nepal.BMC health services research · 2022Trial
- From implicit to explicit: an evidence-informed deliberative process for health benefits package revision using the WHO UHC Compendium in Kyrgyzstan.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- The economic costs of excessive sedentary behaviour in Japan.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- The benefits of investments to combat HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria for primary healthcare from 2000 to 2023: An economic modeling analysis.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- AI-driven diagnosis of pneumococcal infections in children-a call for primary-care focused and a coherent evidence base.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Review
- Economic burden of malaria in children under the age of five in Burundi.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- How well do disease-specific studies and WHO-CHOICE cost estimates align? Example of estimating cost per episode of diarrhoea and respiratory syncytial virus in 128 low-income and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Development of a healthcare utilisation index to compare patients worldwide: a cross-sectional study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Excess healthcare utilization and costs linked to chronic conditions: a comparative study of nine European countries.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Low-dose calcium supplementation during pregnancy in low and middle-income countries: A cost-effectiveness analysis.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPolicy makers require information on costs related to inpatient and outpatient health services to inform resource allocation decisions.
methodsCountry data sets were gathered in 2008-2010 through literature reviews, website searches and a public call for cost data. Multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the determinants of variability in unit costs using data from 30 countries. Two models were designed, with the inpatient and outpatient models drawing upon 3407 and 9028 observations respectively. Cost estimates are produced at country and regional level, with 95% confidence intervals.
resultsInpatient costs across 30 countries are significantly associated with the type of hospital, ownership, as well as bed occupancy rate, average length of stay, and total number of inpatient admissions. Changes in outpatient costs are significantly associated with location, facility ownership and the level of care, as well as to the number of outpatient visits and visits per provider per day.
conclusionsThese updated WHO-CHOICE service delivery unit costs are statistically robust and may be used by analysts as inputs for economic analysis. The models can predict country-specific unit costs at different capacity levels and in different settings.
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