ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2018
Differences in kinematics and energy cost between front crawl and backstroke below the anaerobic threshold.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Biomechanical, Physiological and Anthropometric Determinants of Backstroke Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Swimming turns reduce energy demands of the aerobic performance in front crawl.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in three-dimensional intra-cycle velocity fluctuation and performance during freestyle swimming among high-level swimmers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Stroke-Specific Swimming Critical Speed Testing: Balancing Feasibility and Scientific Rigour.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Article
- Froude Efficiency and Velocity Fluctuation in Forearm-Amputee Front Crawl: Implications for Para Swimming Classification.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2023Article
- Intracycle Velocity Variation in Swimming: A Systematic Scoping Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Golden ratio and self-similarity in swimming: breast-stroke and the back-stroke.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- Are Young Swimmers Short and Middle Distances Energy Cost Sex-Specific?Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- Front Crawl Is More Efficient and Has Smaller Active Drag Than Backstroke Swimming: Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison Between the Two Techniques at the Same Swimming Speeds.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Article
- In-Water and On-Land Swimmers' Symmetry and Force Production.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of this study was to determine kinematic and energetic differences between front crawl and backstroke performed at the same aerobic speeds.
methodsTen male competitive swimmers performed front crawl and backstroke at a pre-determined sub-anaerobic threshold speed to assess energy cost (through oxygen uptake measurement) and kinematics (using three-dimensional videography to determine stroke frequency and length, intra-cycle velocity fluctuation, three-dimensional wrist and ankle speeds, and vertical and lateral ankle range of motion). For detailed kinematic analysis, resultant displacement, the duration, and three-dimensional speed of the wrist during the entry, pull, push, and release phases were also investigated.
resultsThere were no differences in stroke frequency/length and intra-cycle velocity fluctuation between the swimming techniques, however, swimmers had lower energy cost in front crawl than in backstroke (0.77 ± 0.08 vs 0.91 ± 0.12 kJ m
conclusionFront crawl is less costly than backstroke, and limbs motion in front crawl is more effective than in backstroke.
Indexed as
Identifiers
29556773What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.