ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2018
Gonadal Hormones and Retinal Disorders: A Review.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-based differences in ocular trauma: a systematic review with narrative synthesis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in the risk of retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review, frequentist and Bayesian meta-analysis, and meta-regression.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2024Pooled it
- Hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women ≥50 years is associated with the incidence of glaucoma: Evidence from 6576 females in Finland.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- The effect of physiological changes in estradiol hormone during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in healthy women on retinal ganglion cell function, retinal and optic nerve vascularization and structure.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Lipid-Retinoid Metabolic Network Links Genetic Variation to Molecular Heterogeneity in Inherited Retinal Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Analysis of clinical factors affecting retinal ganglion cell complex thickness reduction in patients with childhood‑onset craniopharyngioma.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Impact of Orchiectomy on Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Male Rat Retina: A Proteomic Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Endogenous oestrogens as neuroprotective modulators in the human retina: Evidence from transcriptomic profiling and aromatase inhibition.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Role of Growth Hormone (GH) and Other Somatotropic Axis Elements in Retinal Neuroprotection.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Association of insulin resistance with visual decline in older individuals without diabetes: a cross-sectional mediation analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of risk promoting effects for age-related macular degeneration by estradiol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Disruption of estrogen signaling by developmental exposure to BPA and TBT causes long term functional deficits in zebrafish retina.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Node2Vec-DGI-EL: a hierarchical graph representation learning model for ingredient-disease association prediction.Bioinformatics advances · 2026Article
- Toremifene-induced bilateral macular crystalline deposits with cystic cavitation: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Hormonal metabolic burden in diabetic retinopathy: the diabetic retina as an endocrine-responsive target organ.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- A Mouse Photoreceptor Proteome Resource Identifies PALS2/MPP6 as a Novel Pan-Cone Photoreceptor Marker.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Glycaemic and Non-Glycaemic Factors as Determinants of Retinopathy Status in an Adult Population: A Case-Control Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence-derived retinal age gap as a marker for reproductive aging in women.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Female sex hormones exacerbate retinal neurodegeneration.Science advances · 2025Article
- A two sample Mendelian randomized study of the association of sex hormones and behavioral and clinical risk factors with macular hole.Scientific reports · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimGonadal hormones are essential for reproductive function, but can act on neural and other organ systems, and are probably the cause of the large majority of known sex differences in function and disease. The aim of this review is to provide evidence for this hypothesis in relation to eye disorders and to retinopathies in particular.
methodsEpidemiological studies and research articles were reviewed.
resultsAnalysis of the biological basis for a relationship between eye diseases and hormones showed that estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors are present throughout the eye and that these steroids are locally produced in ocular tissues. Sex hormones can have a neuroprotective action on the retina and modulate ocular blood flow. There are differences between the male and the female retina; moreover, sex hormones can influence the development (or not) of certain disorders. For example, exposure to endogenous estrogens, depending on age at menarche and menopause and number of pregnancies, and exposure to exogenous estrogens, as in hormone replacement therapy and use of oral contraceptives, appear to protect against age-related macular degeneration (both drusenoid and neurovascular types), whereas exogenous testosterone therapy is a risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy. Macular hole is more common among women than men, particularly in postmenopausal women probably owing to the sudden drop in estrogen production in later middle age. Progestin therapy appears to ameliorate the course of retinitis pigmentosa. Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes, may be more common among men than women.
conclusionWe observed a correlation between many retinopathies and sex, probably as a result of the protective effect some gonadal hormones may exert against the development of certain disorders. This may have ramifications for the use of hormone therapy in the treatment of eye disease and of retinal disorders in particular.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.