ReviewHearing research2018
Pharmacokinetic principles in the inner ear: Influence of drug properties on intratympanic applications.
Review in Hearing research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intratympanic corticosteroid injection for Ménière's disease: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Intratympanic corticosteroids for sudden sensorineural hearing loss.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Local Delivery of Therapeutics to the Inner Ear: The State of the Science.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2019Pooled it
- Imaging-identified round window niche veil and intratympanic therapy efficacy in sudden sensorineural hearing loss.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- BMP4 cocktail promotes utricular progenitor reprogramming and vestibular functional recovery in adult mice.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Breaking Biological Barriers: Engineering Nanocarriers for Efficient Drug and Gene Delivery through Nano-Bio Interfaces and Biophysical Design.Applied physics reviews · 2026Article
- Drug Nanocrystal-Loaded Thermo-Reversible Hydrogels of Dexamethasone Palmitate for Intratympanic Drug Delivery.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- The cochlear morphometry compendium: High-resolution synchrotron measurements and normative reference values.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Long-term in vivo pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone-loaded cochlear implant electrode carrier dummies with optimized release profiles.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Otic Drug Delivery Systems: Current and Future Perspectives.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Transtympanic Injection of Antioxidant-Eluting Microparticles for Otoprotection From Cisplatin Toxicity in a Mouse Model.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Choice of steroids for intratympanic therapy- a retrospective comparison.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Inhibition of TLR4 mitigates sensorineural hearing loss resulting from cochlear inflammation.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Inner Ear Gene Therapy: An Overview from Bench to Bedside.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2025Review
- Outer hair cells stir cochlear fluids.eLife · 2025Article
- The comparison between intratympanic gentamicin prehabilitation and postoperative virtual reality exposure to standard vestibular training in patients with vestibular schwannoma.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Cochlear Mechanics Are Preserved After Inner Ear Delivery of Gold Nanoparticles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Outer hair cells stir cochlear fluids.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Molded Round Window Niche Implant as a Dexamethasone Delivery System in a Cochlear Implant-Trauma Animal Model.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Local drug delivery to the ear has gained wide clinical acceptance, with the choice of drug and application protocol in humans largely empirically-derived. Here, we review the pharmacokinetics underlying local therapy of the ear using the drugs commonly used in clinical practice as examples. Based on molecular properties and perilymph measurements interpreted through computer simulations we now better understand the principles underlying entry and distribution of these and other drugs in the ear. From our analysis, we have determined that dexamethasone-phosphate, a pro-drug widely-used clinically, has molecular and pharmacokinetic properties that make it ill-suited for use as a local therapy for hearing disorders. This polar form of dexamethasone, used as a more soluble agent in intravenous preparations, passes less readily through lipid membranes, such as those of the epithelia restricting entry at the round window membrane and stapes. Once within the inner ear, dexamethasone-phosphate is cleaved to the active form, dexamethasone, which is less polar, passes more readily through lipid membranes of the blood-perilymph barrier and is rapidly eliminated from perilymph without distributing to apical cochlear regions. Dexamethasone-phosphate therefore provides only a brief exposure of the basal regions of the cochlea to active drug. Other steroids, such as triamcinolone-acetonide, exhibit pharmacokinetic properties more appropriate to the ear and merit more detailed consideration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.