Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29549249›Full record

ArticleNutrition & diabetes2018

Geographical variation in the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes among US adults.

Matthew J Gurka, Stephanie L Filipp, Mark D DeBoer

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrition & diabetes, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
80citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
14.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

80 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 138 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Pooled it
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  6. Understanding the Mortality Trends in Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and Cardiomyopathy: A 25-Year Retrospective Analysis From 1999-2024.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2026
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20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Matthew J GurkaDepartment of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
Stephanie L FilippDepartment of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
Mark D DeBoerDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. deboer@virginia.edu.
University of Florida · USUniversity of Virginia · US

Funding

Socioeconomic Status and Subjective Social Status as Modifiers of Stressors and Discrimination in their Relationship with MetS Severity Over TimeR01HL120960 · NHLBI · WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY · PI DEBOER, MARK DANIEL, GURKA, MATTHEW JAMES · 2014 to 2018
$2.1M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL120960
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes remain significant public health concerns. Targeting of prevention efforts by geographical location has been suggested by the Institute of Medicine to coincide with the presence of area-based risk. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a stronger risk factor than is obesity for the prediction of future CVD and diabetes, yet its prevalence has not previously been described geographically. Our objective is to determine geographical variation in the prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes among US adults. We assessed the prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes by US census division, and the prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes for each sex and racial/ethnic group by US region among 9826 US non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic adults aged 20-65 years participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2014. We also compared a sex- and race/ethnicity-specific MetS severity score by geographical area. The prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes varied by US census division and region, with overall similarity by geographical area in the prevalence of each of these conditions. The prevalence of MetS was particularly high (≥35%) in the West North Central, West South Central, and East South Central and low (30%) in the Pacific, New England, and Mid-Atlantic divisions. Some of the geographical variation appeared due to differences among non-Hispanic white females, who had a high prevalence of MetS (>32%) in the Midwest and South and a low prevalence of MetS (24%) in the West and Northeast. Geographical differences in MetS imply variation in the risk for future CVD and diabetes, with more elevated risk in the center of the United States. As MetS is a stronger risk factor for prediction of CVD and T2DM than is obesity, these differences are potentially important for prompting public health efforts toward surveillance and prevention in high-risk areas.

Indexed as

AdultAgedBlack or African AmericanCardiovascular DiseasesCensusesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansMaleMetabolic SyndromeMiddle AgedObesityPrevalenceSex FactorsSpatial Analysis

Identifiers

PMID29549249
PMCPMC5856741
OpenAlexW2794920005

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.