ReviewDrugs in R&D2018
The Many Faces of Apomorphine: Lessons from the Past and Challenges for the Future.
Review in Drugs in R&D, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Medication-induced causes of delirium in patients with and without dementia: a systematic review of published neurology guidelines.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical trial evaluating apomorphine oromucosal solution in Parkinson's disease patients.Clinical and translational science · 2024Trial
- Practical use of apomorphine infusion in Parkinson's disease: lessons from the TOLEDO study and clinical experience.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Trial
- Screening of FDA-Approved Small Molecules to Discover Inhibitors of theBiochemistry · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Spectrum of Intermittent Apomorphine in Parkinson's Disease: Neuropsychiatric, Behavioral, and Cognitive Analyses.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2026Article
- Subcutaneous apomorphine-induced pneumonitis: An uncommon pulmonary adverse event.Respiratory medicine case reports · 2026Article
- The Developmental Toxicity of Haloperidol on Zebrafish (Biomedicines · 2025Article
- One-Step Synthesis of Chiral 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrenes via Ligand-Enabled Enantioselective Cascade β,γ-Diarylation of Acids.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2024Article
- Evidence-Based Review on Symptomatic Management of Huntington's Disease.Journal of movement disorders · 2024Article
- Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery-A Confluence of Tradition and Innovation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Terminal Care in Parkinson's Disease: Real-Life Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion to Improve Patient Comfort.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Feasibility and benefits of home initiation of subcutaneous apomorphine infusion for patients with Parkinson's disease: the APOKADO study.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Observational
- Adopting the Rumsfeld approach to understanding the action of levodopa and apomorphine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
- Safety and tolerability of long-term apomorphine infusion in advanced Parkinson's disease: an Indian multi-center (APO-IND) experience.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Intermittent Apomorphine Use for off Period Rescue in Parkinson's Disease: A Pragmatic Review of over Three Decades of Clinical Experience.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2023Review
- Article
- Infusion Therapies for Parkinson's Disease.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2020Review
- Identification of C10 nitrogen-containing aporphines with dopamine DBioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters · 2020Article
- Safety and Tolerability of Pharmacotherapies for Parkinson's Disease in Geriatric Patients.Drugs & aging · 2019Review
- Apomorphine effects on the hippocampus.Neural regeneration research · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Apomorphine is now recognized as the oldest antiparkinsonian drug on the market. Though still underused, it is increasingly prescribed in Europe for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) with motor fluctuations. However, its history is far from being limited to movement disorders. This paper traces the history of apomorphine, from its earliest empirical use, to its synthesis, pharmacological development, and numerous indications in human and veterinary medicine, in light of its most recent uses and newest challenges. From shamanic rituals in ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica, to the treatment of erectile dysfunction, from being discarded as a pharmacological tool to becoming an essential antiparkinsonian drug, the path of apomorphine in the therapeutic armamentarium has been tortuous and punctuated by setbacks and groundbreaking discoveries. Throughout history, three main clinical indications stood out: emetic (gastric emptying, respiratory disorders, aversive conditioning), sedative (mental disorders, clinical anesthesia, alcoholism), and antiparkinsonian (fluctuations). New indications may arise in the future, both in PD (palliative care, nonmotor symptoms, withdrawal of oral dopaminergic medication), and outside PD, with promising work in neuroprotection or addiction.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.