ReviewJournal of hematology & oncology2018
Next generation of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer: new developments and challenges.
Review in Journal of hematology & oncology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 471 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
471 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Bibliometric analysis of ovarian cancer immune evasion research from 2015 to 2024.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Cancer and treatment specific incidence rates of immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review.British journal of cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Multilevel Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association between tertiary lymphoid structures and clinical outcomes in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: an updated meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic indicators in patients with head and neck malignancy treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Immunostimulatory and Immunodynamic Modeling Analysis to Determine a Plausible Starting Dose of mRNA-4359 for Use in First-In-Human Trials.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Immunotherapy in cervical cancer: From the view of scientometric analysis and clinical trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Simultaneous targeting of IL-10 and PD-(L)1 pathways with a bispecific anti-PD-L1/IL-10-trap antibody enhances T cell responses.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Molecular Architecture and Clinical Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A conserved grain-associated immunosuppressive niche in Sudanese patients with mycetoma.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Observational
- Emerging Immune-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Review
- Integrated pan-cancer profiling highlights OSR2 as a prognostic indicator and immune-associated biomarker.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Breakthroughs in HBV-related HCC Therapy: The Unmatched Potential of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- Immunological Insights into Peritoneal Carcinomatosis for Gastrointestinal Malignancies: The Role of Soluble Factors in Malignant Ascites.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Immune-evasive stem cells: engineering tolerance and reprogramming microenvironments for regenerative therapy.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Strategies to target PD-1/PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Analysis of cancer stem cell mechanism and immune profiling in breast cancer of unknown primary.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Papillary renal cell carcinoma with high-ABCC2 shows an immune-evasive profile associated with favorable response to immunotherapy.The Journal of pathology · 2026Article
411 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoints consist of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways that maintain self-tolerance and assist with immune response. In cancer, immune checkpoint pathways are often activated to inhibit the nascent anti-tumor immune response. Immune checkpoint therapies act by blocking or stimulating these pathways and enhance the body's immunological activity against tumors. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1(PD-L1) are the most widely studied and recognized inhibitory checkpoint pathways. Drugs blocking these pathways are currently utilized for a wide variety of malignancies and have demonstrated durable clinical activities in a subset of cancer patients. This approach is rapidly extending beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1. New inhibitory pathways are under investigation, and drugs blocking LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, VISTA, or B7/H3 are being investigated. Furthermore, agonists of stimulatory checkpoint pathways such as OX40, ICOS, GITR, 4-1BB, CD40, or molecules targeting tumor microenvironment components like IDO or TLR are under investigation. In this article, we have provided a comprehensive review of immune checkpoint pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy, and discuss their mechanisms and the therapeutic interventions currently under investigation in phase I/II clinical trials. We also reviewed the limitations, toxicities, and challenges and outline the possible future research directions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.