ArticleDiabetologia2018
Characteristics of slow progression to diabetes in multiple islet autoantibody-positive individuals from five longitudinal cohorts: the SNAIL study.
Article in Diabetologia, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical parameters and emerging biomarkers of partial remission in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Natural history study of type 1 diabetes risk in adults (T1DRA): protocol for screening and follow-up of UK adults.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Improved prediction of symptomatic type 1 diabetes using a luciferase-based assay to measure (pro)insulin autoantibodies.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Observational
- Article
- Donor-derived CD8bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Continuously High Titers of Multiple Islet-associated Autoantibodies in an Individual with an Elderly Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Basedow's Disease: A Case Report with a Review of Literature.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Review
- Evaluation of distinct and similar pathological features between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Prevalence of Islet Autoantibodies in Adults Without Diabetes.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Article
- Beyond Stages: Predicting Individual Time Dependent Risk for Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- A novel, high-performance, low-volume, rapid luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay to detect autoantibodies to zinc transporter 8.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
- Understanding Islet Autoantibodies in Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Review
- Heterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2023Review
- Article
- Reclassification of type 2 diabetes to type 1 diabetes in Asturias (Spain) between 2011 and 2020.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2023Article
- Extremely Early Appearance of Islet Autoantibodies in Genetically Susceptible Children.Pediatric diabetes · 2023Observational
- Investigating iron intake in risk of progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes: The diabetes autoimmunity study in the young.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Persistence of β-Cell Responsiveness for Over Two Years in Autoantibody-Positive Children With Marked Metabolic Impairment at Screening.Diabetes care · 2022Article
- Autoantibodies to N-terminally Truncated GAD65(96-585): HLA Associations and Predictive Value for Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Observational
- Activated but functionally impaired memory Tregs are expanded in slow progressors to type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2022Article
- Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Current Understanding and Challenges.Diabetes care · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisMultiple islet autoimmunity increases risk of diabetes, but not all individuals positive for two or more islet autoantibodies progress to disease within a decade. Major islet autoantibodies recognise insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A). Here we describe the baseline characteristics of a unique cohort of 'slow progressors' (n = 132) who were positive for multiple islet autoantibodies (IAA, GADA, IA-2A or ZnT8A) but did not progress to diabetes within 10 years.
methodsIndividuals were identified from five studies (BABYDIAB, Germany; Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young [DAISY], USA; All Babies in Southeast Sweden [ABIS], Sweden; Bart's Oxford Family Study [BOX], UK and the Pittsburgh Family Study, USA). Multiple islet autoantibody characteristics were determined using harmonised assays where possible. HLA class II risk was compared between slow progressors and rapid progressors (n = 348 diagnosed <5 years old from BOX) using the χ
resultsIn the first available samples with detectable multiple antibodies, the most frequent autoantibodies were GADA (92%), followed by ZnT8A (62%), IAA (59%) and IA-2A (41%). High risk HLA class II genotypes were less frequent in slow (28%) than rapid progressors (42%, p = 0.011), but only two slow progressors carried the protective HLA DQ6 allele.
conclusionNo distinguishing characteristics of slow progressors at first detection of multiple antibodies have yet been identified. Continued investigation of these individuals may provide insights into slow progression that will inform future efforts to slow or prevent progression to clinical diabetes.
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