ReviewBipolar disorders2018
Racial disparities in bipolar disorder treatment and research: a call to action.
Review in Bipolar disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Persistence of Lithium Underutilization in Patients of African Ancestry with Bipolar Disorder.Psychopharmacology bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Maternal Health and Autism.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Errors or Adaptations? A Critical Review of Predictive Processing in Psychiatry.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cultural Adaptation of a Digital Mobile App for Bipolar Disorder (PolarUs): Protocol for a Qualitative Co-Design Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Trends in bipolar disorder-related mortality in the United States, 1999-2023: A CDC WONDER database analysis.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2026Article
- Reconceptualizing bipolar disorder through an integrative biological lens: synthesis, convergence, and emerging directions.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2026Review
- Associations of social and genetic background variables to neuro-cognitive biomarkers of psychosis.Biomarkers in neuropsychiatry · 2025Article
- A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Social Determinants of Health in Bipolar Disorder: Exploring Gender-Related Differences.Bipolar disorders · 2025Article
- Experiences of informal caregivers supporting individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and thematic synthesis.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2025Review
- BDJournal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Risk of retinal disease and visual impairment in individuals with psychiatric disorders.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- A transdiagnostic examination of sex- and race and ethnicity-based mental health treatment disparities among publicly insured youth.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- The NNDC Road Map for Depression Care and Focused Areas of Research.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2025Article
- Road Map to Better Depression Care: A Road No Longer Less Traveled.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2025Article
- Integrating Social Determinants With the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in a Study of Bipolar Outpatients.Suicide & life-threatening behavior · 2025Article
- Modeling diagnostic code dropout of schizophrenia in electronic health records improves phenotypic data quality and cross-ancestry transferability of polygenic scores.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity analysis provides evidence for a genetically homogeneous subtype of bipolar-disorder.PloS one · 2025Article
- Barriers and facilitators to conducting human subjects research at a safety net institution from the perspective of researchers.PloS one · 2025Article
- Mapping review of register-based cohort studies of bipolar disorder.Bipolar disorders · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesHealth disparities between individuals of African and European ancestry are well documented. The disparities in bipolar disorder may be driven by racial bias superimposed on established factors contributing to misdiagnosis, including: evolving empirically based diagnostic criteria (International Classification of Diseases [ICD], Research Diagnostic Criteria [RDC] and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM]), multiple symptom domains (i.e. mania, depression and psychosis), and multimodal medical and additional psychiatric comorbidity.
methodsFor this paper, we reviewed the phenomenological differences between bipolar individuals of African and European ancestry in the context of diagnostic criteria and clinical factors that may contribute to a potential racial bias.
resultsPublished data show that bipolar persons of African ancestry, compared with bipolar persons of non-African ancestry, are more often misdiagnosed with a disease other than bipolar disorder (i.e. schizophrenia). Additionally, studies show that there are disparities in recruiting patients of African ancestry to participate in important genomic studies. This gap in biological research in this underrepresented minority may represent a missed opportunity to address potential racial differences in the risk and course of bipolar illness.
conclusionA concerted effort by the research community to increase inclusion of diverse persons in studies of bipolar disorder through community engagement may facilitate fully addressing these diagnostic and treatment disparities in bipolar individuals of African ancestry.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.