ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2018
PET Imaging of Microglial Activation-Beyond Targeting TSPO.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A multidimensional analysis of neuropsychiatric lupus: clinical, biological and imaging insights from systematic evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Reprogramming Neuroinflammation: Mitochondrial Targets and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Neurometabolic correlates of accelerated aging and neurocognitive late effects in long-term survivors of pediatric hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neuroimaging-Guided Insights into the Molecular and Network Mechanisms of Chronic Pain and Neuromodulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A role for microglia in mediating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Elevated ITGAX/CD11c in CSF-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reflects Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Design, Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of a Brain-Permeable PET Tracer for P2Y12 Receptor Imaging in the Brain.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Current advances in the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the old/new 18-kDa translocator protein ligands.Molecular diversity · 2025Review
- The role of microglia in the development of diabetic retinopathy and its potential clinical application.Human cell · 2025Review
- Review
- Evaluation of [Molecular imaging and biology · 2025Article
- CX3CR1: a potential microglia-specific PET imaging target in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Assessing the Diagnostic Utility of FDG-PET and HPLC for Detecting Microglia Activation and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.Advanced biomedical research · 2025Review
- Association of plasma soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor concentrations and migraine with aura: a REFORM study.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune interactions in the development and chronification of migraine headache.Trends in neurosciences · 2024Review
- Glial reactivity in a mouse model of beta-amyloid deposition assessed by PET imaging of P2X7 receptor and TSPO using [EJNMMI research · 2024Article
- Neurological impact of HIV/AIDS and substance use alters brain function and structure.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Established and emerging techniques for the study of microglia: visualization, depletion, and fate mapping.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Radiotracers for Imaging of Inflammatory Biomarkers TSPO and COX-2 in the Brain and in the Periphery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Prenatal infection and adolescent social adversity affect microglia, synaptic density, and behavior in male rats.Neurobiology of stress · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which involves microglial activation, is thought to play a key role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and other brain pathologies. Positron emission tomography is an ideal imaging technique for studying biochemical processes in vivo, and particularly for studying the living brain. Neuroinflammation has been traditionally studied using radiotracers targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa, but this comes with certain limitations. The current review describes alternative biological targets that have gained interest for the imaging of microglial activation over recent years, such as the cannabinoid receptor type 2, cyclooxygenase-2, the P2X₇ receptor and reactive oxygen species, and some promising radiotracers for these targets. Although many advances have been made in the field of neuroinflammation imaging, current radiotracers all target the pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype of activated microglia, since the number of known biological targets specific for the anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype that are also suited as a target for radiotracer development is still limited. Next to proceeding the currently available tracers for M1 microglia into the clinic, the development of a suitable radiotracer for M2 microglia would mean a great advance in the field, as this would allow for imaging of the dynamics of microglial activation in different diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.