Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29515719›Full record

ArticleThe Pan African medical journal2017

Factors associated with cholera in Kenya, 2008-2013.

Gretchen Cowman, Shikanga Otipo, Ian Njeru, Thomas Achia, Harsha Thirumurthy, Jamie Bartram, Jackson Kioko

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Pan African medical journal, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 28% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.

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  5. Exploring the Impact of Traditional Practices onInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
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  14. Cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa during 2010-2019: a descriptive analysis.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Gretchen CowmanDepartment of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
Shikanga OtipoDisease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ian NjeruDisease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Thomas AchiaSchool of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Harsha ThirumurthyDepartment of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
Jamie BartramThe Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
Jackson KiokoDepartment of Preventive and Promotive Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ministry of Health · KEUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USUniversity of the Witwatersrand · ZA

Funding

Research Services CoreP2CHD050924 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI KAREN B GUZZO · 2015 to 2026
$9.6M
NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD050924
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionKenya experienced widespread cholera outbreaks in 1997-1999 and 2007-2010. The re-emergence of cholera in Kenya in 2015 indicates that cholera remains a public health threat. Understanding past outbreaks is important for preventing future outbreaks. This study investigated the relationship between cholera occurrence in Kenya and various environmental and demographic factors related to water, sanitation, socio-economic status, education, urbanization and availability of health facilities during the time period 2008-2013.

methodsThe primary outcome analyzed was the number of cholera cases at the district level, obtained from the Kenya Ministry of Health's national cholera surveillance records. Values of independent variables were obtained from the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census and other national surveys. The data were analyzed using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model.

resultsMultivariate analysis indicated that the risk of cholera was associated with open defecation, use of unimproved water sources, poverty headcount ratio and the number of health facilities per 100,000 population (p < 0.05). No statistically significant association was found between cholera occurrence and education, percentage of population living in urban areas or population density.

conclusionThe Sustainable Development Goals and Kenya's blueprint for development,

Indexed as

Public HealthCholeraDisease OutbreaksHumansKenyaPovertyRegression AnalysisRiskSanitationSocioeconomic FactorsUrban PopulationWaterWaterCholeradisease surveillanceKenyaopen defecationsanitationwater

Identifiers

PMID29515719
PMCPMC5837167
OpenAlexW2760899269

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.