ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2018
Association of urinary sodium excretion with blood pressure and risk factors associated with hypertension among Cameroonian pygmies and bantus: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Sodium Intake and Health Indicators: A Systematic Review of Published Literature between January 2015 and December 2019.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Blood pressure and burden of hypertension in Cameroon, a microcosm of Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.Journal of hypertension · 2019Pooled it
- Association of Dietary Sodium and Potassium With Blood Pressure and Proteinuria in Africans With Kidney Disease.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Salt Consumption and Blood Pressure in Sub-Saharan African Population Living in an Urban Setting: The Case of a Group of Cameroonians.International journal of hypertension · 2025Article
- Addressing global disparities in blood pressure control: perspectives of the International Society of Hypertension.Cardiovascular research · 2023Article
- Preventive Potential of the Aqueous Extract of the Mixture ofEvidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- Development and validation of processed foods questionnaire (PFQ) in adult inflammatory bowel diseases patients.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Article
- Article
- Association between urinary potassium excretion and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2020Review
- Associated Factors of Hypertension in Women and Men in Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHigh salt intake increases blood pressure (BP) and hypertension risk. This study aimed to examine association of urinary sodium excretion with BP and hypertension correlates among Cameroonian pygmies under hunter-gatherer subsistence mode and Bantus, living in urban area under unhealthy behavioral habits.
methodsIn this cross-sectional cluster sampling study, we randomly enrolled rural pygmies living in Lolodorf and urban Bantus living in Douala. The World Health Organization steps questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and lifestyle data. Height, weight, BP and single overnight spot urine samples were obtained in all participants. BP was measured in triplicate. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion was determined by flame photometry. Data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS 16.0.
resultsWe included 150 Pygmies and 150 Bantus aged 38 ± 12 years and 33 ± 11 years, respectively (p < 0.0001). Compare to Bantus, pygmy's height and weight were respectively: 1.54 ± 0.09 m vs 1.72 ± 0.12 m; and 54.4 ± 9.2 kg vs 77.2 ± 14.8 kg, all p < 0.0001. Age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 3.3% among Pygmies and 28% among Bantus (p < 0.0001). Age-adjusted systolic and diastolic BP were lower in Pygmies than in Bantus (107 ± 12 vs 119 ± 17 mmHg and 71 ± 11 vs 78 ± 13 mmHg respectively, all P < 0.0001). BP increased with age but to a lesser extent in Pygmies (all p < 0.01). Urinary sodium excretion was lower in Pygmies than in Bantus (46.9 ± 32.4 vs 121.5 ± 61.0 mmol/l, p < 0.0001). Systolic and diastolic BP were positively associated with urinary sodium excretion in Bantus (all p < 0.05). In the two groups, urinary potassium excretion was similar, and was not related to blood pressure. In the total study group and in Bantus taken separately, urinary sodium excretion was higher in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. Multivariable logistic regression showed that urinary sodium excretion, Bantu status and age emerged as independent determinants of hypertension in the whole study group (OR (95%CI): 1.012 (1.005-1.018); 11.408 (3.599-36.165); 1.095 (1.057-1.135) respectively, p < 0.0001).
conclusionHunter-gatherer pygmies exhibit low level of urinary sodium excretion related to low rate of hypertension and slower BP increase with age. Salt intake was a major driver of hypertension in our study population. Our findings highlight the need of efforts to implement nationwide prevention programs promoting risk factor screening and healthier lifestyles including reduction of dietary salt intake in Cameroonian.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.