ArticlePloS one2018
Chloroquine augments TRAIL-induced apoptosis and induces G2/M phase arrest in human pancreatic cancer cells.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Captivating Synergistic, Dose-Dependent Anticancer Effects of Tumor-Regulation Modulators Chloroquine and Ivermectin Completely Abolished by an Opposing Modulator, Deoxycholic Acid, in Hamster Fibrosarcoma: In Vivo, In Vitro, and Literature Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Chloroquine Enhances Mda-7- Induced Apoptosis via miR-7 and HSP70 Modulation in Glioblastoma.Iranian biomedical journal · 2025Article
- Low extracellular pH enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis by downregulating Mcl-1 expression.Experimental cell research · 2025Article
- Pharmacology Progresses and Applications of Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Novel 7-Chloro-(4-thioalkylquinoline) Derivatives: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity through Inducing Apoptosis and DNA/RNA Damage.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Efficient pre-treatment for pancreatic cancer using chloroquine-loaded nanoparticles targeting pancreatic stellate cells.Oncology letters · 2021Article
- Chloroquine commonly induces hormetic dose responses.The Science of the total environment · 2021Article
- Chloroquine Triggers Cell Death and Inhibits PARPs in Cell Models of Aggressive Hepatoblastoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Article
- Zerumbone Promotes Cytotoxicity in Human Malignant Glioblastoma Cells through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2020Article
- Anti-malarial Drugs Reduce Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation via Activation of AMPK and Inhibition of Smad3 Signaling.Journal of lipid and atherosclerosis · 2019Article
- Natural Product Mediated Regulation of Death Receptors and Intracellular Machinery: Fresh from the Pipeline about TRAIL-Mediated Signaling and Natural TRAIL Sensitizers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Article
- Toward fully exploiting the therapeutic potential of marketed pharmaceuticals: the use of octreotide and chloroquine in oncology.OncoTargets and therapy · 2019Review
- Targeted Inhibition of ULK1 Promotes Apoptosis and Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Neuroblastoma.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2018Article
- The Role of Autophagy in the Resistance to BRAF Inhibition in BRAF-Mutated Melanoma.Targeted oncology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autophagy contributes to the treatment-resistance of many types of cancers, and chloroquine (CQ) inhibits autophagy. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) kills cancer cells but is minimally cytotoxic to normal cells. However, because the therapeutic efficacy of TRAIL is limited, it is necessary to augment TRAIL-induced anti-tumor effects. In this study, we explored the anti-tumor effects of a combination of CQ and TRAIL on two human pancreatic cancer cell lines: TRAIL-sensitive MiaPaCa-2 cells and Panc-1 cells that are less sensitive to TRAIL. Although both CQ and TRAIL reduced cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, the combination acted synergistically. CQ increased the expression level of type-II LC3B without decreasing the expression of p62, an autophagic substrate, thus indicating inhibition of autophagy. CQ did not increase the levels of death receptors on cancer cells but reduced the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. A combination of CQ and TRAIL significantly increased cancer cell apoptosis. CQ induced cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Also, CQ increased the p21 level but reduced that of cyclin B1. A combination of CQ and TRAIL reduced the colony-forming abilities of cancer cells to extents greater than either material alone. In xenograft models, combination CQ and TRAIL therapy significantly suppressed the growth of subcutaneously established MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 cells, compared with the untreated or monotherapy groups. Together, the results indicate that CQ in combination with TRAIL may be useful to treat human pancreatic cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.