ArticleMaternal and child health journal2018
Examining the Relationship Between Individual Characteristics, Community-Level Traits, Multidimensional Empowerment, and Maternal Health Care Utilization in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Article in Maternal and child health journal, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of a prediction rule for incomplete vaccination among children in Indonesia.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Contextualizing the standard maternal continuum of care in Pakistan: an application of revised recommendation of the World Health Organization.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Women empowerment and access to maternity and reproductive healthcare in Pakistan: cross-validation of a Survey-based Index in Afghanistan (SWEI-A).BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Empowerment dimensions and their relationship with continuum care for maternal health in Bangladesh.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- HIV Status and Contraceptive Utilization among Women in Cameroon.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareArticle
- Prevalence and Determinants of Health Care Utilization Among Dutch Women in the First Year Postpartum.Journal of midwifery & women's healthArticle
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction The Islamic Republic of Pakistan's maternal mortality ratio is particularly high, and the nation ranks 126 out of 149 countries on the Human Development Report-Gender Inequality Index. This is because Pakistani women have low levels of empowerment, make limited economic contributions, and underutilization of maternal health care. The aim of this study is to create a multidimensional index of women's empowerment and assess the association between this index and maternal health care utilization in Pakistan, controlling for individual characteristics and community-level traits. Methods Data from the 2012-2013 Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys were employed to investigate the relationship between this index and the latent construct of maternal health care utilization. Results Using exploratory factor analysis, four indicators of maternal health care utilization were loaded onto a single latent factor. Multivariate analyses found support for the association between empowerment and health care utilization, despite adjustments for individual and area level factors. Positive associations between education, wealth, and maternal health care utilization were found. Conclusions Although we find support for the association of educational attainment with maternal health care utilization, the multidimensional women's empowerment index was independently a consistent associate of maternal health care utilization. This illustrates a complex mechanism with both-education and empowerment, being necessary for improved maternal health care utilization. Policy makers seeking to improve outcomes should expand their focus beyond simply improving rates of education to examining effects of cultural norms which constrain the independence of women in making decisions about their own health care.
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