ArticleBMC veterinary research2018
Evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs with or without homologous vaccine antibodies.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- A bivalent inactivated influenza vaccine incorporating epitope-optimized surface proteins confers cross-protective immunity against H9N2 influenza virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Trivalent fowl adenovirus vaccine (serotype-4/8b/11) provides efficient protection with long duration of immunity.Journal of veterinary science · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Rice Traits Containing H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza HA Protein Before Commercialization.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Characterization of the avian influenza viruses distribution in the environment of live poultry market in China, 2019-2023.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- HA198 mutations in H9N2 avian influenza: molecular dynamics insights into receptor binding.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- State and situation of avian influenza in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Review
- Article
- Evaluation in broilers of aerosolized nanoparticles vaccine encapsulating imuno-stimulant and antigens of avian influenza virus/Mycoplasma gallisepticum.BMC veterinary research · 2020Article
- Effect of the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies on evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens.AMB Express · 2020Article
- Genetic Characteristics and Pathogenicity Analysis in Chickens and Mice of Three H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses.Viruses · 2019Article
- Contaminated feed-borne Bacillus cereus aggravates respiratory distress post avian influenza virus H9N2 infection by inducing pneumonia.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Impact of the variations in potential glycosylation sites of the hemagglutinin of H9N2 influenza virus.Virus genes · 2019Article
- H9N2 Viruses Isolated From Mammals Replicated in Mice at Higher Levels Than Avian-Origin Viruses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVaccines constitute a unique selective pressure, different from natural selection, drives the evolution of influenza virus. In this study, A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998 (H9N2) was continually passaged in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs with or without selective pressures from antibodies induced by homologous maternal antibodies. Genetic mutations, antigenic drift, replication, and pathogenicity of the passaged virus were evaluated.
resultsAntigenic drift of the passaged viruses occurred in the 47th generation (vF47) under selective pressure on antibodies and in the 52nd generation (nF52) without selective pressure from antibodies. Seven mutations were observed in the vF47 virus, with three in PB2 and four in HA, whereas 12 mutations occurred in the nF52 virus, with three in PB2, two in PB1, four in HA, one in NP, one in NA, and one in NS. Remarkably, the sequences of the HA segment from vF47 were 100% homologous with those of the nF52 virus. Both the vF47 and nF52 viruses showed enhanced replication compared to the parental virus F/98, but higher levels of replication and pathogenicity were displayed by nF52 than by vF47. An inactive vaccine derived from the parental virus F/98 did not confer protection against challenges by either the vF47 or nF52 virus, but inactive vaccines derived from the vF47 or nF52 virus were able to provide protection against a challenge using F/98.
conclusionTaken together, the passage of H9N2 viruses with or without selective pressure of the antibodies induced by homologous maternal antibodies showed genetic variation, enhanced replication, and variant antigenicity. Selective pressure of the antibody does not seem to play a key role in antigenic drift in the egg model but may impact the genetic variation and replication ability of H9N2 viruses. These results improve understanding of the evolution of the H9N2 influenza virus and may aid in selecting appropriate vaccine seeds.
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