Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29508470›Full record

Trial reportAddiction (Abingdon, England)2018

Factors associated with the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and predictors of smoking abstinence in EAGLES.

Robert West, A Eden Evins, Neal L Benowitz, Cristina Russ, Thomas McRae, David Lawrence, Lisa St Aubin, Alok Krishen, Melissa C Maravic, Robert M Anthenelli

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
47citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023
    Pooled it
  2. Antidepressants for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020
    Pooled it
  3. Can We Predict Who Will Experience Adverse Events While Using Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy? A Secondary Analysis of the EAGLES Clinical Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025
    Trial
  4. The Efficacy of the SinHumo App Combined With a Psychological Treatment to Quit Smoking: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025
    Trial
  5. Trial
  6. Trial
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  9. A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of Remote Varenicline Sampling to Promote Treatment Engagement and Smoking Cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021
    Trial
  10. Trial
  11. Trial
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  13. Which Method of Assessing Depression and Anxiety Best Predicts Smoking Cessation: Screening Instruments or Self-Reported Conditions?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020
    Trial
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  18. Article
  19. Observational
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Robert WestUniversity College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6398-0921
A Eden EvinsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Neal L BenowitzUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Cristina RussPfizer, New York, NY, USA.
Thomas McRaePfizer, New York, NY, USA.
David LawrencePfizer, New York, NY, USA.
Lisa St AubinPfizer, New York, NY, USA.
Alok KrishenPAREXEL International on behalf of GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Melissa C MaravicMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Robert M AnthenelliUniversity of California, San Diego, CA, USA.

Funding

INIA: Stress, Anxiety of Alcohol AbuseU01AA013641 · NIAAA · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI GRANT, KATHLEEN A · 2002 to 2015
$8.8M
New Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol and Co-morbid DisordersR01AA019720 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA · PI AIT-DAOUD, NASSIMA, ANTHENELLI, ROBERT M · 2010 to 2014
$4.4M
Mentoring in Addiction Treatment ResearchK24DA030443 · NIDA · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI EVINS, A EDEN · 2010 to 2020
$2.0M
Cancer Research UK 22962Medical Research Council MR/K023195/1NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA019720NIAAA NIH HHS U01 AA013641NIDA NIH HHS K24 DA030443
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo assess (1) how far the efficacies of front-line smoking cessation pharmacotherapies vary as a function of smoker characteristics and (2) associations between these characteristics and success of smoking cessation attempts.

designProspective correlational study in the context of a double-blind randomized trial. The outcome was regressed individually onto each covariate after adjusting for treatment, and then a forward stepwise model constructed. Treatment moderator effects of covariates were tested by treatment × covariate interactions.

settingHealth service facilities in multiple countries.

participantsData came from 8120 smokers willing to make a quit attempt, randomized to varenicline, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or placebo in Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) between 30 November 2011 and 13 January 2015. MEASUREMENTS: Smoker characteristics measured at baseline were country, psychiatric history, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), ethnic group, life-time suicidal ideation/behaviour, anxiety, depression, aggression, psychotropic medication, history of alcohol/substance use disorder, age of starting smoking, cigarette dependence [Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD)] and prior use of study medicines. Outcome was biochemically confirmed continuous abstinence at weeks 9-24 from start of treatment.

findingsNo statistically significant treatment × covariate interactions were found. Odds of success were associated independently positively with age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00, 1.01], BMI (1.01; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.02) and age of starting smoking (1.03; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.04). Odds were associated independently negatively with US (versus non-US) study site (0.53; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.61), black (versus white) ethnic group (0.57; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.72), mood disorder (0.85; 95% CI = 0.73, 0.99), anxiety disorder (0.71; 95% CI = 0.55, 0.90) and psychotic disorder (0.73; 95% CI = 0.50, 1.07), taking psychotropic medication (0.81; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.95), FTCD (0.89; 95% CI = 0.87, 0.92) and previous use of NRT (0.78; 95% CI = 0.67, 0.91).

conclusionsWhile a range of smoker characteristics-including psychiatric history, cigarette dependence and prior use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)-are associated with lower cessation rates, they do not substantially influence the efficacy of varenicline, bupropion or NRT.

Indexed as

Smoking CessationTobacco Use Cessation DevicesAdultAge FactorsAnxiety DisordersBupropionDouble-Blind MethodEthnicityFemaleHumansInternational CooperationMaleMiddle AgedMood DisordersPrognosisPsychotic DisordersBupropionPsychotropic DrugsSmoking Cessation AgentsVareniclineBupropionnicotine replacement therapyplacebosmoking cessationtreatment effectsvarenicline

Identifiers

PMID29508470
PMCPMC6055735

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.