ReviewJournal of immunology research2018
Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?
Review in Journal of immunology research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04375176 (Study of Immune-mediated Mechanisms in Patients Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2), which is not on this map. Cited by 279 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Study of Immune-mediated Mechanisms in Patients Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2: Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Monocytes and NK Cells in the Blood of Subjects Affected by Covid 19
Who cites it
279 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 518 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiac repair after myocardial infarction: A two-sided role of inflammation-mediated.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- TRPV4 mediates macrophage polarization involved in inflammatory root resorption induced by mechanical pressure.Channels (Austin, Tex.) · 2026Article
- MPRO3 Regulates Macrophage Polarization and OsteoclastogenesisJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Macrophage-induced immunomodulation in oral tissue repair and regeneration: Recent advances and future perspectives.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Longitudinal Salivary Immunophenotyping Reveals Distinct Cellular Signatures of Periodontal Disease Activity and Resolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Chronic macrophage activation derails muscle repair by disrupting mannose-receptor-linked plasticity revealed by endogenous irg1/acod1 tracking.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Deficiency of Smooth Muscle Adar1 Exacerbates Vascular Remodeling and Pulmonary Hypertension.Circulation research · 2026Article
- Targeting SYK enhances responses to radiotherapy and PD-1 blockade with myeloid immune remodeling in breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Lipoic Acid Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation via Inhibition of Glycolysis in RAW264.7 Macrophages.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- The mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of macrophages in osteoporosis: from polarization balance to targeted regulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Effects of bromelain, melatonin, and thymoquinone on neutrophil extracellular trap formation and macrophage polarization in experimental periodontitis.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2026Article
- Single-cell dissection and multi-cohort validation identify a hypoxia-related prognostic signature with experimental verification in lung adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Macrophage states and polarization duringFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Intracellular survival ofVirulence · 2025Review
- Tissue regenerative potential of human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium in wound healing of the medicinal leech.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- p75NTR alleviates diabetic periodontitis in mice by inhibiting inflammatory macrophage recruitment.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Biomaterial-mediated macrophage polarization remodeling and sequential regulation: a potential strategy in bone infections treatment.Bone research · 2025Review
- Fibroblast growth factor signaling induces a chondrocyte-like state of peripheral nerve fibroblast during aging.Nature communications · 2025Article
- PROS1/AXL signaling protects mice from lethal influenza infection by inducing M2 macrophage polarization.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Article
219 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in "distant" pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.