ArticleNature immunology2018
Salivary factor LTRIN from Aedes aegypti facilitates the transmission of Zika virus by interfering with the lymphotoxin-β receptor.
Article in Nature immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of cutaneous immune response in a controlled human in vivo model of mosquito bites.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- Aedes aegypti salivary gland extract enhances Zika virus replication through immune modulation.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2026Article
- Progress in research on mosquito-borne viruses: Understanding infection, transmission, and control.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2026Review
- Article
- Dual-action salivary peptide drives black fly feeding efficiency.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Lymphotoxin beta receptorInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- The public health threat of emerging phenuiviruses.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Structural and functional significance ofJournal of virology · 2025Article
- Low-Molecular-Weight Fucoidan Inhibits Thromboinflammation and Ameliorates Deep Vein Thrombosis via Targeting S100A8/A9.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Mosquito Salivary Proteins: New Frontiers in Disease Transmission and Control.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Research progress toward arthropod salivary protein vaccine development for vector-borne infectious diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Review
- Leafhopper salivary carboxylesterase suppresses JA-Ile synthesis to facilitate initial arbovirus transmission in rice phloem.Plant communications · 2024Article
- The human CD47 checkpoint is targeted by an immunosuppressiveScience immunology · 2024Article
- Sensing the danger in mosquito spit.The EMBO journal · 2024Article
- A mosquito salivary protein-driven influx of myeloid cells facilitates flavivirus transmission.The EMBO journal · 2024Article
- T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections.Viruses · 2024Review
- Recognition ofBiology · 2024Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pathogens have co-evolved with mosquitoes to optimize transmission to hosts. Mosquito salivary-gland extract is known to modulate host immune responses and facilitate pathogen transmission, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of this have remained unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized a prominent 15-kilodalton protein, LTRIN, obtained from the salivary glands of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. LTRIN expression was upregulated in blood-fed mosquitoes, and LTRIN facilitated the transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) and exacerbated its pathogenicity by interfering with signaling through the lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR). Mechanically, LTRIN bound to LTβR and 'preferentially' inhibited signaling via the transcription factor NF-κB and the production of inflammatory cytokines by interfering with the dimerization of LTβR during infection with ZIKV. Furthermore, treatment with antibody to LTRIN inhibited mosquito-mediated infection with ZIKV, and abolishing LTβR potentiated the infectivity of ZIKV both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides deeper insight into the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in nature and supports the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the action of LTRIN to disrupt ZIKV transmission.
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