Trial reportExperimental and clinical psychopharmacology2018
Effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes on individual withdrawal symptoms over time and during abstinence.
Trial report in Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01681875 (Project 1, Study 1), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Project 1, Study 1: Investigating the Impact of Nicotine Using Spectrum Cigarettes
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory Approaches and Implementation of Minimally Addictive Combusted Products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Pooled it
- Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Pooled it
- Effects of very low nicotine content cigarettes and concurrent provision of e-cigarettes on symptoms of depression and anxiety.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Switching to Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Low Socioeconomic Status: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Trial
- Evaluating the human abuse potential of concurrent use of electronic cigarettes and low nicotine cigarettes among adults who smoke.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Comparison of periodontal status and salivary IL-15 and -18 levels in cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems.BMC oral health · 2022Article
- Reducing Misperceptions About Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes: Insights From Adults Who Smoke.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Whole Salivary Cotinine Levels and Interleukin 1-β Levels among Young Adults Involuntarily Exposed to Vapor from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2022Article
- A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Review
- "I actually finally feel like the cigarettes aren't controlling me." - Interviews with participants smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes during a residential study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Sex Differences in the Elasticity of Demand for Nicotine and Food in Rats.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Behavioral and Subjective Effects of Reducing Nicotine in Cigarettes: A Cessation Commentary.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has initiated a public dialogue about reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes. A reduced-nicotine standard could increase withdrawal symptoms among current smokers. We examined the impact of switching smokers to cigarettes that varied in nicotine content on withdrawal symptoms over 6 weeks. A secondary analysis (N = 839) of a 10-site, double-blind clinical trial of nontreatment-seeking smokers was completed. Participants were instructed to smoke study cigarettes, containing 0.4 to 15.8 mg of nicotine/g of tobacco, for 6 weeks and were then abstinent overnight. Using latent growth curves, trajectories of individual withdrawal symptoms were compared between the reduced nicotine content (RNC) conditions and a normal nicotine content (NNC) condition. Path analyses compared symptoms after overnight abstinence. Relative to NNC cigarettes, participants smoking RNC cigarettes had increased anger/irritability/frustration and increased appetite/weight gain during the initial weeks, but the symptoms resolved by Week 6. Individuals who were biochemically verified as adherent with using only the 0.4 mg/g cigarettes had higher sadness levels (Cohen's d = .40) at Week 6 compared with the NNC condition, although symptoms were mild. After a post-Week 6 overnight abstinence challenge, some RNC conditions relative to NNC condition exhibited reduced withdrawal. Individuals who were biochemically confirmed as adherent to the lowest nicotine condition experienced only mild and transient symptom elevations. Thus, a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes produced a relatively mild and temporary increase in withdrawal among nontreatment-seeking smokers (ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT01681875). (PsycINFO Database Record
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.