ArticlePsychological medicine2019
Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and season of birth within the UK Biobank cohort.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk and Experiences of Childhood Adversity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2022Pooled it
- Birth seasonality and height in patients with schizophrenia: a multi-institutional cohort study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Exposome Score for Schizophrenia in a Transdiagnostic Psychosis Cohort: Associations With Psychosis Risk, Symptom Severity, and Personality Traits.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Observational
- Demographic, Premorbid, and Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia Spectrum Patients with High and Low Polygenic Liability to the Disorder.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An epidemiological study of season of birth, mental health, and neuroimaging in the UK Biobank.PloS one · 2024Article
- Stress, Environment and Early Psychosis.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Impact of Early-Life Factors on Risk for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Environmental Factors in the Etiology of Mental Disorders in the Czech Republic.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2023Article
- Associations between the Willingness to Donate Samples to Biobanks and Selected Psychological Variables.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Review
- Do psychiatric diseases follow annual cyclic seasonality?PLoS biology · 2021Article
- Being Born in Winter-Spring and at Around the Time of an Influenza Pandemic Are Risk Factors for the Development of Schizophrenia: The Apna Study in Navarre, Spain.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- Birth seasonality and risk of autism spectrum disorder.European journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Examining the independent and joint effects of molecular genetic liability and environmental exposures in schizophrenia: results from the EUGEI study.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2019Article
- Women who suffer from schizophrenia: Critical issues.World journal of psychiatry · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is strong evidence that people born in winter and in spring have a small increased risk of schizophrenia. As this 'season of birth' effect underpins some of the most influential hypotheses concerning potentially modifiable risk exposures, it is important to exclude other possible explanations for the phenomenon.
methodsHere we sought to determine whether the season of birth effect reflects gene-environment confounding rather than a pathogenic process indexing environmental exposure. We directly measured, in 136 538 participants from the UK Biobank (UKBB), the burdens of common schizophrenia risk alleles and of copy number variants known to increase the risk for the disorder, and tested whether these were correlated with a season of birth.
resultsNeither genetic measure was associated with season or month of birth within the UKBB sample.
conclusionsAs our study was highly powered to detect small effects, we conclude that the season of birth effect in schizophrenia reflects a true pathogenic effect of environmental exposure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.