ArticleSchizophrenia research2018
TNF-α and IL-6 are associated with the deficit syndrome and negative symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Article in Schizophrenia research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Peripheral blood immune markers associated with negative symptoms in first episode psychosis: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Predictors of successful anti-inflammatory drug trials in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-regression and critical commentary.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Pooled it
- Cortical morphology in patients with the deficit and non-deficit syndrome of schizophrenia: a worldwide meta- and mega-analyses.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: a Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Pooled it
- Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: The contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia with predominantly negative symptoms: a randomized clinical trial and efficacy sensitivity biomarkers.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Pentoxifylline adjunct to risperidone for negative symptoms of stable schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Pentoxifylline as an adjunctive in treatment of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Trial
- Improvement of adjunctive berberine treatment on negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Trial
- Cytokines in First-Episode Psychosis: Implications for Pathophysiology: A Narrative Literature Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Schizophrenia: from mechanism to therapy.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Visceral Adiposity Is Associated with Elevated Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels and Anxiety Symptoms in Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the Relationship Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Negative Symptoms Subtypes in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The past and future of integrated biopsychosocial whole-health perspectives in psychiatric rehabilitation.Psychiatric rehabilitation journal · 2026Review
- A dual-marker peripheral signature of IL-6 elevation andActa neuropsychiatrica · 2026Article
- Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation on Peripheral Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: A 2×2 Factorial Design Protocol.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Investigation of Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Trichotillomania.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Putative Neuroimmune Mechanisms and Candidate Biomarkers of rTMS Efficacy in Improving Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Evidence Boundaries and Translational Pathways.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Review
- From Neural Circuits to Behavior: Examining the Central Role of Anhedonia in Major Depression.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Neural association between mental symptoms and facial emotion recognition in deficit schizophrenia: an fNIRS study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIncreased inflammatory markers have been found in patients with chronic schizophrenia, and have been associated with negative symptoms. The deficit syndrome is a distinct subtype of schizophrenia, characterized by primary and enduring negative symptoms.
methodWe measured inflammatory markers in patients with and without deficit schizophrenia and controls.
resultsUsing multivariate analyses, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-6 were associated with the deficit syndrome, and TNF-α predicted blunted affect, alogia, and total negative symptoms.
conclusionsFindings suggest that deficit schizophrenia subtype is associated with increased inflammation and immunotherapies may be a novel target for negative symptoms.
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