ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2018
The Role of Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinism on the Rising Trend of Thyroid and Adrenal Nodular Disease in the Current Environment.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Muscle mass as a resilence factor for endothelial health in obesity.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Review
- Assessment of thyroid cancer risk associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Insulin resistance factors associated with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and malignant cytology: serum thyroxine as an associated factor.Annals of medicine · 2025Observational
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals tumor cell and immune cell variations associated with lymphatic metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Attenuates TSH-Lowering Effect of Metformin in Young Women with Subclinical Hypothyroidism.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The impact of insulin resistance on thyroid function and the prevalence of thyroid follicular nodular disease in pregnant women.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Analysis of influencing factors on Turner syndrome combined with autoimmune thyroid disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with differentiated thyroid cancer in the euthyroid thyroidectomy population.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Increased cardiometabolic risk and prevalence of ascending aorta dilation in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma: a retrospective propensity score-matched study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Stages of benign thyroid nodules: principles and ultrasound signs.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2024Review
- Machine learning to predict the occurrence of thyroid nodules: towards a quantitative approach for judicious utilization of thyroid ultrasonography.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Exploring the advances of single-cell RNA sequencing in thyroid cancer: a narrative review.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Review
- New Insights into the Role of Insulin and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in the Metabolic Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Long delay in diagnosis of a case with MEN1 due to concomitant presence of AIMAH with insulinoma: a case report and literature review.BMC endocrine disorders · 2022Review
- Review
- Advantages of Small Incision Surgery in Thyroid Tumors.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- Does insulin resistance trigger thyroid nodule?Internal and emergency medicine · 2021Article
- Prevalence and associated metabolic factors for thyroid nodules: a cross-sectional study in Southwest of China with more than 120 thousand populations.BMC endocrine disorders · 2021Article
- A breakthrough-like effect of metformin reduces peripheral resistance to triiodothyronine in euthyroid, non-insulin-resistant, type 2 diabetic patients.Endocrine connections · 2021Article
- Autoregulation of insulin receptor signaling through MFGE8 and the αvβ5 integrin.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Thyroid follicular cells, as well as adrenocortical cells, are endowed by an intrinsic heterogeneity regarding their growth potential, in response to various stimuli. This heterogeneity appears to constitute the underlying cause for the focal cell hyperplasia and eventually the formation of thyroid and adrenal nodules, under the influence of growth stimulatory factors. Among the main stimulatory factors are the pituitary tropic hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulate the growth and function of their respective target cells, and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor system, that, through its mitogenic effects, can stimulate the proliferation of these cells. The predominance of one or the other of these growth stimulatory factors appears to determine the natural history of thyroid and adrenal nodular disease. Thus, iodine deficiency was, in the past, the main pathogenic factor responsible, through a transient rise in TSH secretion, for the endemic nodular goiter with the characteristic colloid thyroid nodules among the inhabitants in iodine deficient areas. The correction of iodine deficiency was followed by the elimination of endemic colloid goiter and the emergence of thyroid autoimmunity. The recent epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS), or insulin resistance syndrome, has been associated with the re-emergence of nodular thyroid disease. A parallel rise in the incidence of benign, nonfunctional adrenocortical tumors, known as adrenal incidentalomas, has also been reported in association with the manifestations of the MS. It is likely that the compensatory to insulin resistance hyperinsulinemia may be responsible for the rising trend of thyroid and adrenal nodular disease in the current environment.
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