ReviewClinical cardiology2018
What the Women's Health Initiative has taught us about menopausal hormone therapy.
Review in Clinical cardiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores, age, or years since menopause to predict cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Trial
- Pharmacological Management of ADHD in Women Across Perimenopause, Menopause and Post-Menopause.Drugs & aging · 2026Review
- Transdermal Hormonal Therapy in Menopause: Current Evidence and Personalized Approaches.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Estren prevents beta-amyloid-induced basal forebrain cholinergic loss and long-term spatial memory deficits in aged female mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Estimating and discovering heterogeneous treatment effects using machine learning in epidemiological studies: a practical guide.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Review
- Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for Periodic Health Examination: Screening for Renal, Metabolic, Nutritional, and Endocrine Disorders.Acta medica Philippina · 2026Article
- Association of Kidney Function With Incident Heart Failure: An Analysis of the Women's Health Initiative.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Sex differences in prevalence and characteristics of imaging-detected atherosclerosis: a population-based study.European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging · 2024Article
- Article
- Associations between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Colorectal, Lung, or Melanoma Cancer Recurrence and Mortality: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Chronic conditions in women: the development of a National Institutes of health framework.BMC women's health · 2023Review
- Sex chromosome mechanisms in cardiac development and disease.Nature cardiovascular research · 2023Article
- Examining the Health-Related Needs of Females during Menopause: A Systematic Review Study.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2023Review
- Associations Between Midlife Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use, Incident Diabetes, and Late Life Memory in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Evidence for Menopause as a Sex-Specific Risk Factor for Glaucoma.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- A Woman's Heart: Improving Uptake and Awareness of Cardiovascular Screening for Middle-Aged Populations.International journal of women's health · 2023Review
- Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopause: A Practical Guide on Current Treatments and Future Perspectives.International journal of women's health · 2023Review
- Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.Open life sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Gender Differences in Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiotoxicity in Cardio-Oncology.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Our understanding of the complex relationship between menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been informed by detailed analyses in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), the largest randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating MHT in postmenopausal women. Although the WHI demonstrated increased risk of CVD events with MHT in the overall cohort, subsequent secondary analyses demonstrated that these risks were influenced by the woman's age and time since menopause, with lower absolute risks and hazard ratios for younger than older women. As MHT is the most effective treatment for the vasomotor symptoms of menopause, it is important to understand its risks and how to conduct risk stratification for symptomatic women. In addition to reviewing the WHI findings, studies pre- and post-WHI are reviewed to describe the relationship between MHT and CVD risk in menopausal women. The absolute risks of adverse cardiovascular events for MHT initiated in women close to menopause are low, and all-cause mortality effects are neutral or even favorable for younger menopausal women. The WHI has advanced and refined our understanding of the relationship between MHT and CVD risk. Although MHT should not be used for CVD prevention, absolute risks of CVD are low when MHT is started close to menopause in healthy women and hazard ratios tend to be lower for younger than older women. For women in early menopause and without contraindications to treatment, the benefits of MHT are likely to outweigh the risks when used for menopausal symptom management.
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