SynthesisPloS one2018
Reproductive period, endogenous estrogen exposure and dementia incidence among women in Latin America and China; A 10/66 population-based cohort study.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive life stages and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review in Latin American and Caribbean women.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Prospective study of reproductive span and menopausal hormone therapy and cognitive decline over 8 years in the Nurses' Health Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Menopause status and its role in incident Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease severity, and overall mortality in women with RA.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2026Article
- Association between reproductive history, white matter integrity, and cognition in post-menopausal Latina women from the Boston Latino Aging Study.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2026Observational
- Reproductive history differentially shapes the neural response of middle-aged hAPOEɛ4 female rats to estradiol therapy after a metabolic challenge.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Feasibility of identifying factors related to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia in real-world data.JAMIA open · 2026Review
- Women's midlife: the front line of Alzheimer prevention.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of Alzheimer's disease in elderly women: a cohort study in Eastern China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Associations of lifetime cumulative estrogen exposure with lifecourse social exposures, cognitive decline, and dementia risk among postmenopausal White, Black, and Latina women.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Biological and social reproductive factors and late-life cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese women.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- The Association Between Age of Menopause and Hysterectomy Status and Alzheimer's Disease Risk in a Cohort of Older White and Black Women.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- The association between reproductive factors and neurocognitive and neuroimaging markers of brain aging.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Number of children and risk of dementia: a cohort study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Age at menopause and cognitive function and decline among middle-aged and older women in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2011-2018.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Menopause age and type and dementia risk: a pooled analysis of 233 802 women.Age and ageing · 2024Article
- Effect of early menopause on cognition and brain morphology in an Urban Indian Cohort.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Connections between reproductive health and cognitive aging among women enrolled in the HCHS/SOL and SOL-INCA.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain-specific cognition in later life.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Parity and Risk of Dementia in Women: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Article
- Age at menopause and all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExposure to endogenous estrogen may protect against dementia, but evidence remains equivocal. Such effects may be assessed more precisely in settings where exogenous estrogen administration is rare. We aimed to determine whether reproductive period (menarche to menopause), and other indicators of endogenous estrogen exposure are inversely associated with dementia incidence.
methodsPopulation-based cohort studies of women aged 65 years and over in urban sites in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, and rural and urban sites in Peru, Mexico and China. Sociodemographic and risk factor questionnaires were administered to all participants, including ages at menarche, birth of first child, and menopause, and parity, with ascertainment of incident 10/66 dementia, and mortality, three to five years later.
results9,428 women participated at baseline, with 72-98% responding by site. The 'at risk' cohort comprised 8,466 dementia-free women. Mean age varied from 72.0 to 75.4 years, lower in rural than urban sites and in China than in Latin America. Mean parity was 4.1 (2.4-7.2 by site), generally higher in rural than urban sites. 6,854 women with baseline reproductive period data were followed up for 26,463 person years. There were 692 cases of incident dementia, and 895 dementia free deaths. Pooled meta-analysed fixed effects, per year, for reproductive period (Adjusted Sub-Hazard Ratio [ASHR] 1.001, 95% CI 0.988-1.015) did not support any association with dementia incidence, with no evidence for effect modification by APOE genotype. No association was observed between incident dementia and; ages at menarche, birth of first child, and menopause: nulliparity; or index of cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure. Greater parity was positively associated with incident dementia (ASHR 1.030, 95% CI 1.002-1.059, I2 = 0.0%).
conclusionsWe found no evidence to support the theory that natural variation in cumulative exposure to endogenous oestrogens across the reproductive period influences dementia incidence in late life.
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