Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29489077›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of clinical psychiatry

Inflammation and Improvement of Depression Following Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression.

Jennifer L Kruse, Eliza Congdon, Richard Olmstead, Stephanie Njau, Elizabeth C Breen, Katherine L Narr, Randall Espinoza, Michael R Irwin

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of clinical psychiatry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
54citing papers in PubMed
3.2field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

54 citing papers in PubMed, 96 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Moderators for depressed mood and systemic and transcriptional inflammatory responses: a randomized controlled trial of endotoxin.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019
    Trial
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. CD4Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Advancing an Inflammatory Subtype of Major Depression.The American journal of psychiatry · 2025
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. A review of diffusion MRI in mood disorders: mechanisms and predictors of treatment response.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jennifer L KruseUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, 300 Medical Plaza, Room 2273, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968. jkruse@mednet.ucla.edu.
Eliza CongdonUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Richard OlmsteadCousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Stephanie NjauDepartment of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Elizabeth C BreenCousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Katherine L NarrUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Randall EspinozaUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Michael R IrwinCousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
University of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

UCLA Clinical Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001881 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARLEEN F. BROWN, ARASH NAEIM · 2016 to 2026
$118.1M
Aging: Sleep and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Depression PreventionR01AG026364 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI IRWIN, MICHAEL R · 2005 to 2015
$5.8M
Perturbation of the treatment resistant depression connectome by fast-acting therapiesU01MH110008 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ESPINOZA, RANDALL, NARR, KATHERINE L · 2016 to 2019
$5.5M
Imaging biomarkers of ECT response in major depressive disorderR01MH092301 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ESPINOZA, RANDALL, NARR, KATHERINE L · 2011 to 2015
$4.0M
Sleep, Inflamation, and Depression Occurrence in Breast Cancer SurvivorsR01CA160245 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI IRWIN, MICHAEL R · 2012 to 2016
$3.9M
Chronic Moderate Sleep Restriction in Older Long and Older Average SleepersR01HL095799 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AT COLUMBIA · PI IRWIN, MICHAEL R, JEAN-LOUIS, GIRARDIN · 2011 to 2015
$3.8M
Mechanisms of Sleep Disruption HyperalgesiaR01DA032922 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI IRWIN, MICHAEL R, SMITH, MICHAEL T · 2012 to 2016
$2.7M
Tai Chi Effects on Chronic Insomnia in Breast Cancer Survivors: Immune MechanismsR01CA119159 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI IRWIN, MICHAEL R · 2006 to 2010
$2.2M
Subjective Social Isolation and Sleep Disturbances: Inflammatory Mechanisms in AgR01AG034588 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI IRWIN, MICHAEL R · 2009 to 2013
$1.9M
Biomarkers of fast acting therapies in major depressionK24MH102743 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI NARR, KATHERINE L · 2014 to 2018
$889k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001881NCI NIH HHS R01 CA119159NCI NIH HHS R01 CA160245NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL095799NIA NIH HHS R01 AG026364NIA NIH HHS R01 AG034588NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA032922NIMH NIH HHS K24 MH102743NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH092301NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH110008
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most robust acute treatment for severe major depressive disorder, yet clinical response is variable. Inflammation is associated with depression, especially in women, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 predict response to antidepressant medications. This study evaluated whether markers of inflammation predicted response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in patients with treatment-resistant depression and to what extent this association differed between men and women.

methodsIn patients (N = 29) who had a current major depressive episode diagnosed using DSM-IV-TR criteria and were scheduled to undergo ECT at an academic referral center, levels of CRP, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α and severity of depressive symptoms (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]) were prospectively evaluated before ECT treatment, after the second ECT session, and again at the completion of the index treatment series. Data were collected between December 2011 and December 2014. The primary outcome was end-of-treatment MADRS score.

resultsIn multivariate analyses, higher levels of IL-6 at baseline, but not other inflammatory markers or clinical variables, were associated with lower end-of-treatment MADRS score (P = .01). When stratified by sex, IL-6 remained a significant predictor of end-of-treatment MADRS for women (P = .02) but not men (P = .1), and CRP emerged as a significant predictor for women (P = .04) but not men (P = .66). CRP and IL-6 increased from baseline to the second ECT session (P values < .01) and returned to baseline levels at end of treatment; these changes did not relate to MADRS score over the course of ECT.

conclusionsLevels of IL-6 prior to ECT treatment may be useful in identifying those depressed patients most likely to benefit from ECT treatment. In contrast, acute changes in IL-6 and CRP may reflect spikes in inflammatory response related to the initiation of seizure therapy, but not mood. Assessment of pretreatment inflammatory biomarkers, especially in women, might be useful in guiding treatment decision-making in treatment-resistant depression.

Indexed as

C-Reactive ProteinDepressive Disorder, Treatment-ResistantMajor Depressive DisorderOutcome Assessment, Health CareAdultCytokinesElectroconvulsive TherapyFemaleHumansInflammationInterleukin-6Interleukin-8MaleMiddle AgedSeverity of Illness IndexTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaC-Reactive ProteinCXCL8 protein, humanCytokinesIL6 protein, humanInterleukin-6Interleukin-8TNF protein, humanTumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Identifiers

PMID29489077
PMCPMC6013272
OpenAlexW2793187604

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.