ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2018
Cross-sectional cause of death comparisons for stimulant and opioid mortality in San Francisco, 2005-2015.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- A population-based study exploring racial and gender inequities in polysubstance-related deaths across the United States from 2004 to 2022.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Conditions and Symptoms in Deaths Attributed to Acute Stimulant Toxicity.Circulation. Population health and outcomes · 2026Article
- Antecedents of Fentanyl Coinvolvement in Deaths Attributed to Stimulant Poisoning in San Francisco, CA.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- Thematic analysis of medical examiner narratives to understand the socio-spatial context, recency of drug use, and likely mechanism of stimulant toxicity deaths.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Identification of Behavioral, Clinical, and Psychological Antecedents of Acute Stimulant Poisoning: Development and Implementation of a Mixed Methods Psychological Autopsy Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Amphetamine use as a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality and morbidity: a longitudinal cohort study of criminal justice clients.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Mortality, morbidity, and predictors of death among amphetamine-type stimulant users - a longitudinal, nationwide register study.Addictive behaviors reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Methamphetamine Toxicities and Clinical Management.NEJM evidence · 2023 · on this mapReview
- Cocaine Use is Associated With Increased LVMI in Unstably Housed Women With Polysubstance Use.Substance abuse · 2023Article
- Longitudinal changes in co-involved drugs, comorbidities, and demographics of methamphetamine-related deaths in Los Angeles County.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Observational
- Analysis of Multiple Causes of Death: A Review of Methods and Practices.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2023Review
- Primary care management of Long-Term opioid therapy.Annals of medicine · 2022Review
- A Chronic Condition Disguised as an Acute Event: the Case for Re-thinking Stimulant Overdose Death.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Article
- Characterizing stimulant overdose: A qualitative study on perceptions and experiences of "overamping".The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- Emergency department visits and trends related to cocaine, psychostimulants, and opioids in the United States, 2008-2018.BMC emergency medicine · 2022Article
- "It's called overamping": experiences of overdose among people who use methamphetamine.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Hypocretin/Orexin Interactions with Norepinephrine Contribute to the Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Ibrutinib as a potential therapeutic for cocaine use disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2021Article
- Non-fatal stimulant overdose among homeless and unstably housed women in San Francisco, California.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOpioids and stimulants (e.g., cocaine or methamphetamine/amphetamine [MAMP]) are major contributors to acute substance toxicity deaths. Causes of stimulant death have received little attention. We sought to characterize and compare causes of death and significant contributing conditions among persons who died from acute opioid, cocaine, or MAMP toxicity.
methodsWe identified all opioid, cocaine, or MAMP deaths in San Francisco from 2005 to 2015 through the California Electronic Death Reporting System. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations between acute substance toxicity deaths (opioid versus stimulant; cocaine versus MAMP), additional reported causes of death, and significant contributing conditions most often linked to opioid and stimulant use.
resultsFrom 2005-2015, there were 1252 opioid deaths and 749 stimulant deaths. Cocaine accounted for most stimulant deaths. Decedents with cardiac or cerebral hemorrhage deaths had higher adjusted odds of death due to acute stimulant toxicity versus acute opioid toxicity (aOR = 4.79, 95%CI = 2.88-7.96, p < 0.01; aOR = 58.58, 95%CI = 21.06-162.91, p < 0.01, respectively); no statistically significant associations were found for cocaine compared to MAMP deaths. Significant contributing cardiac conditions were associated with higher adjusted odds of stimulant compared to opioid (aOR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.19-1.79, p < 0.01) and cocaine compared to MAMP death (aOR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.13-2.45, p = .01).
conclusionsStimulant compared to opioid deaths tended to involve cardiac or cerebrovascular causes of death, and cocaine deaths were more likely than MAMP deaths to involve significant contributing cardiac conditions. Mounting evidence suggests that stimulant use be considered a cardio/cerebrovascular risk factor and clinical care be adjusted to address this heightened risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.