ArticleInfection control and hospital epidemiology2018
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Trends in the United States: A National Cohort Study.
Article in Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04245800 (Behavioral Patterns and Patient Self-completed Diagnostic Testing Study of Respiratory Viral Infection "Home Testing of Respiratory Illness"), which is not on this map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Behavioral Patterns and Patient Self-completed Diagnostic Testing Study of Respiratory Viral Infection "Home Testing of Respiratory Illness"
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotic prescribing in inpatient and outpatient settings in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of azithromycin versus placebo to treat lower respiratory tract infections associated with low procalcitonin: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Improving Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Beyond the prescription: unraveling knowledge, attitudes, and the socio-demographic tapestry of antibiotic misuse among university students in Egypt.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Antibiotic Prescription Patterns in Poland in the Years 2019-2024 Based on Reimbursement Data from the National Healthcare Fund.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- US Antibiotic Importation and Supply Chain Vulnerabilities.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Effects of regional diversity on antimicrobial prescribing in dogs and cats in North Carolina from 2019 to 2020.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Understanding and mapping the antibiotic prescribing and administration process in assisted living facilities.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Deciphering the Intricate Interplay in the Framework of Antibiotic-Drug Interactions: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Prescription patterns of antibiotics and associated factors among outpatients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections in Jinja city, Uganda, June 2022-May 2023.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Observational
- Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Respiratory Tract Illnesses Following the Conclusion of an Education and Feedback Intervention in Primary Care.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Determinants of private-sector antibiotic consumption in India: findings from a quasi-experimental fixed-effects regression analysis using cross-sectional time-series data, 2011-2019.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The antibiotic resistance reservoir of the lung microbiome expands with age in a population of critically ill patients.Nature communications · 2024Observational
- Antibiotic appropriateness at outpatient settings in Ethiopia: the need for an antibiotic stewardship programme.Drugs in context · 2024Article
- Ambulatory antibiotic prescription rates for acute respiratory infection rebound two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2024Article
- Rational design, synthesis, molecular modeling, biological activity, and mechanism of action of polypharmacological norfloxacin hydroxamic acid derivatives.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2023Article
- In vitro susceptibility patterns for slowly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the USA from 2018 to 2022.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2023Article
- Unveiling the dynamics of antimicrobial utilization and resistance in a large hospital network over five years: Insights from health record data analysis.PLOS digital health · 2023Article
- Do clinical and communication skills scores on credentialing exams predict potentially inappropriate antibiotic prescribing?BMC medical education · 2023Article
- Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
OBJECTIVETo characterize trends in outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in the United StatesDESIGNRetrospective ecological and temporal trend study evaluating outpatient antibiotic prescriptions from 2013 to 2015SETTINGNational administrative claims data from a pharmacy benefits manager PARTICIPANTS. Prescription pharmacy beneficiaries from Express Scripts Holding CompanyMEASUREMENTSAnnual and seasonal percent change in antibiotic prescriptionsRESULTSApproximately 98 million outpatient antibiotic prescriptions were filled by 39 million insurance beneficiaries during the 3-year study period. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were azithromycin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, and cephalexin. No significant changes in individual or overall annual antibiotic prescribing rates were found during the study period. Significant seasonal variation was observed, with antibiotics being 42% more likely to be prescribed during February than September (peak-to-trough ratio [PTTR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.61). Similar seasonal trends were found for azithromycin (PTTR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.44-3.47), amoxicillin (PTTR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.42-1.89), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (PTTR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.68-2.29).CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates that annual national outpatient antibiotic prescribing practices remained unchanged during our study period. Furthermore, seasonal peaks in antibiotics generally used to treat viral upper respiratory tract infections remained unchanged during cold and influenza season. These results suggest that inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics remains widespread, despite the concurrent release of several guideline-based best practices intended to reduce inappropriate antibiotic consumption; however, further research linking national outpatient antibiotic prescriptions to associated medical conditions is needed to confirm these findings.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:584-589.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.