ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Cow's Milk and Immune Function in the Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for allergic rhinitis in children: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- MicroRNAs from colostrum and mature cow milk: High-throughput sequencing and functional enrichment.Food chemistry. Molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Nutrition as a Modifiable Factor in Optimizing Respiratory Health: Evidence from Pulmonary Function Tests.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bovine Lactoferrin Modulates Mononuclear Cell Activity in Human Palatine Tonsils.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Insights into the mechanism of intestinal flora imbalance and immune disorder in co-morbidity of pneumonia and diarrhea in children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Effect of β-casein A2 cow milk supplementation on physical growth, inflammation, growth-related hormones, and nutritional biomarkers in stunted children.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2025Article
- Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Malnutrition: Effects of Nutrition on Immune Function in Infants and Young Children.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review.Food science & nutrition · 2023Article
- Potential of Lactoferrin in the Treatment of Lung Diseases.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Beneficial Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactive Peptides on Strengthening the Immune System Against COVID-19 and the Role of Cow's Milk in the Supply of These Nutrients.Biological trace element research · 2022Review
- Direct Binding of Bovine IgG-Containing Immune Complexes to Human Monocytes and Their Putative Role in Innate Immune Training.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Reasonableness of Enriching Cow's Milk with Vitamins and Minerals.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Ingestion, Immunity, and Infection: Nutrition and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- An Overview of Waste Milk Feeding Effect on Growth Performance, Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Immunity of Dairy Calves.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- Urban vs rural - Prevalence of self-reported allergies in various occupational and regional settings.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2022Article
- Nutritional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective study within the NutriNet-Santé cohort.BMC medicine · 2021Article
- Coronavirus disease 2019 and future pandemics: Impacts on livestock health and production and possible mitigation measures.Veterinary world · 2021Review
- Effect of COVID-19 on the livestock sector in Bangladesh and recommendations.Journal of agriculture and food research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During the last decades, the world has witnessed a dramatic increase in allergy prevalence. Epidemiological evidence shows that growing up on a farm is a protective factor, which is partly explained by the consumption of raw cow's milk. Indeed, recent studies show inverse associations between raw cow's milk consumption in early life and asthma, hay fever, and rhinitis. A similar association of raw cow's milk consumption with respiratory tract infections is recently found. In line with these findings, controlled studies in infants with milk components such as lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, and colostrum IgG have shown to reduce respiratory infections. However, for ethical reasons, it is not possible to conduct controlled studies with raw cow's milk in infants, so formal proof is lacking to date. Because viral respiratory tract infections and aeroallergen exposure in children may be causally linked to the development of asthma, it is of interest to investigate whether cow's milk components can modulate human immune function in the respiratory tract and
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.