ReviewToxicology letters2018
Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products.
Review in Toxicology letters, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Commentary Paper on Cooling Flavors in Cigarette and Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Toxicity, Chemistry, and Public Health Relevance of Emerging Nicotine Analog Vapes, Pods, and Pouches.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Review
- Toxicity and Appeal of Flavoured E-Cigarettes and Flavour Ban Outcomes: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- Cardiovascular Consequences of E-Cigarettes: A New Challenge for Cardiologists.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Correlation between e-cigarette use and salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity: a cross-sectional pilot study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Local and systemic effects in e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers, dual users, and non-smokers.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Severe E-Cigarette-Induced Esophagitis in a Patient With Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- The effects of flavored vaped e-liquids on cultured human macrophages derived from the central and peripheral nervous systems.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and Postpartum Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Maternal Health and Vascular Function in the Fourth Trimester.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Article
- Association of e-cigarette and cigarette use with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a multivariable analysis of a large United States data set.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Altered expression profile of plasma exosomal microRNAs in exclusive electronic cigarette adult users.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The association between e-cigarette use among Chinese college students and lung function and physical activity: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Microbiota-Influenced Toxicological Responses inmicroPublication biology · 2025Article
- Free Radicals in Little Cigar Mainstream Smoke and the Potential Influence of Flavoring Chemicals on Free Radical Production.Chemical research in toxicology · 2024Article
- Seeking to be seen as legitimate members of the scientific community? An analysis of British American Tobacco and Philip Morris International's involvement in scientific events.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- e-Cigarette Tobacco Flavors, Public Health, and Toxicity: Narrative Review.Online journal of public health informatics · 2024Review
- Flow Rate and Wall Shear Stress Characterization of a Biomimetic Aerosol Exposure System.Journal of biomechanical engineering · 2024Article
- Tobacco and menthol flavored nicotine-free electronic cigarettes induced inflammation and dysregulated repair in lung fibroblast and epithelium.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Fruit flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are associated with nocturnal dry cough: A population longitudinal analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- E-Cigarettes and Associated Health Risks: An Update on Cancer Potential.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2023Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tobacco products containing flavorings, such as electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS) or e-cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos, waterpipes, and heat-not-burn devices (iQOS) are continuously evolving. In addition to increasing the exposure of teenagers and adults to nicotine containing flavoring products and flavoring enhancers, chances of nicotine addiction through chronic use and abuse also increase. These flavorings are believed to be safe for ingestion, but little information is available about their effects on the lungs. In this review, we have discussed the in vitro and in vivo data on toxicity of flavoring chemicals in lung cells. We have further discussed the common flavoring agents, such as diacetyl and menthol, currently available detection methods, and the toxicological mechanisms associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, mucociliary clearance, and DNA damage in cells, mice, and humans. Finally, we present potential biomarkers that could be utilized for future risk assessment. This review provides crucial parameters important for evaluation of risk associated with flavoring agents and flavoring enhancers used in tobacco products and ENDS. Future studies can be designed to address the potential toxicity of inhaled flavorings and their biomarkers in users as well as in chronic exposure studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.