ArticleMedicine2018
Adherence and virologic outcomes among treatment-naïve veteran patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
Article in Medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Real-Time Medication Monitoring-Based Digital Adherence Tools on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2024Pooled it
- Counseling for improving adherence to antiretroviral treatment: a systematic review.AIDS care · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Ending the HIV Epidemic in the United States Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Modeling Analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Applications and reporting of causal inference modelling in infectious disease studies: A systematic review.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- Clinical Consequences of Delaying Implementation of Long-Acting Antiretroviral Therapy for People With HIV and Persistent Viremia in the United States.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Cost-effective pricing of long-acting injectable HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: a model-based analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Article
- Association of ART regimen and adherence to viral suppression: an observational study of a clinical population of people with HIV.AIDS research and therapy · 2024Observational
- Tobacco smoking, smoking cessation and life expectancy among people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a simulation modelling study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- Projected Life Expectancy for Adolescents With HIV in the US.JAMA health forum · 2024Article
- Virological Non-Suppression, Non-Adherence and the Associated Factors Among People Living with HIV on Dolutegravir-Based Regimens: A Retrospective Cohort Study.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Virologic non-suppression and early loss to follow up among pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 years initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Article
- Modeling Adherence Interventions Among Youth with HIV in the United States: Clinical and Economic Projections.AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- Life Chaos is Associated with Reduced HIV Testing, Engagement in Care, and ART Adherence Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women upon Entry into Jail.AIDS and behavior · 2020Article
- Antiretroviral Adherence Level Necessary for HIV Viral Suppression Using Real-World Data.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many studies have estimated the association between the adherence to antiretroviral therapies and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients' virologic/immunologic outcomes. However, evidence is lacking on the causal effect of adherence on the outcomes. The goal of this study is to understand whether near perfect adherence is necessary to achieve optimal virologic outcome and also to investigate the effect of initial adherence to antiretroviral therapies on initial viral suppression by different regimens. A cohort study was conducted on HIV veterans initiating antiretroviral therapies in 1999 to 2015. The primary outcome was the first viral suppression occurred within 30 to 60 days since the index date. Multiple imputation was used to impute the missing value of virologic outcomes. The inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method was applied to estimate the viral suppression rate at each specific adherence category for each regimen category. Marginal structural models with IPTW were used to estimate the risk of viral suppression in lower-adherence categories in comparison to near-perfect adherence level ≥95%. Data showed that lower adherence caused lower viral suppression rate, with the association differentiated by the regimen. Patients on integrase strand transfer had the highest viral suppression rate, with patients on protease inhibitors having the lowest rate. Regardless of regimens, the viral suppression rate among patients at initial adherence of 75 to <95% was not statistically different from patients at adherence of ≥95%; however, the differences might be clinically significant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.