ArticleDevelopmental cell2018
Innate Immune Response and Off-Target Mis-splicing Are Common Morpholino-Induced Side Effects in Xenopus.
Article in Developmental cell, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- CRISPR-RfxCas13d screening uncovers Bckdk as a post-translational regulator of maternal-to-zygotic transition in teleosts.The EMBO journal · 2025Article
- Supracellular contractility in Xenopus embryo epithelia regulated by extracellular ATP and the purinergic receptor P2Y2.Journal of cell science · 2025Article
- Zebrafish Unga Is Required for Genomic Maintenance upon Genotoxic Stress and Male Fertility.Journal of developmental biology · 2025Article
- CRISPR/Cas-mediated mRNA knockdown in the embryos of Xenopus tropicalis.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- The dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis protein 2 (Daam2) regulates neural tube closure.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2024Article
- Molecular basis of urostyle development in frogs: genes and gene regulation underlying an evolutionary novelty.Open biology · 2024Article
- Standardizing CRISPR-Cas13 knockdown technique to investigate the role of cdh2 gene in pituitary development through growth hormone expression and transcription factors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Comparing the effects of three neonicotinoids on embryogenesis of the South African clawed frogCurrent research in toxicology · 2024Article
- Activation of P53 pathway contributes toProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Review
- Specificity of oligonucleotide gene therapy (OGT) agents.Theranostics · 2022Review
- Conditional gene knockdowns in sea urchins using caged morpholinos.Developmental biology · 2021Article
- Zebrafish model for spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia reveals post-embryonic roles of Nkx3.2 in the skeleton.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2021Article
- A CRISPR cut for messenger RNAs.Lab animal · 2020Article
- Maximizing CRISPR/Cas9 phenotype penetrance applying predictive modeling of editing outcomes in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Determining macrophage versus neutrophil contributions to innate immunity using larval zebrafish.Disease models & mechanisms · 2020Review
- Highly Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-Based Methods for Generating Deletion Mutations and F0 Embryos that Lack Gene Function in Zebrafish.Developmental cell · 2019Article
- Induction of interferon-stimulated genes and cellular stress pathways by morpholinos in zebrafish.Developmental biology · 2019Article
- Maternal pluripotency factors initiate extensive chromatin remodelling to predefine first response to inductive signals.Nature communications · 2019Article
- The Spatiotemporal Control of Zygotic Genome Activation.iScience · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antisense morpholino oligomers (MOs) have been indispensable tools for developmental biologists to transiently knock down (KD) genes rather than to knock them out (KO). Here we report on the implications of genetic KO versus MO-mediated KD of the mesoderm-specifying Brachyury paralogs in the frog Xenopus tropicalis. While both KO and KD embryos fail to activate the same core gene regulatory network, resulting in virtually identical morphological defects, embryos injected with control or target MOs also show a systemic GC content-dependent immune response and many off-target splicing defects. Optimization of MO dosage and increasing incubation temperatures can mitigate, but not eliminate, these MO side effects, which are consistent with the high affinity measured between MO and off-target sequence in vitro. We conclude that while MOs can be useful to profile loss-of-function phenotypes at a molecular level, careful attention must be paid to their immunogenic and off-target side effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.