Trial reportPloS one2018
Factor structure and measurement invariance across various demographic groups and over time for the PHQ-9 in primary care patients in Spain.
Trial report in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparing the Symptomatology of Post-stroke Depression with Depression in the General Population: A Systematic Review.Neuropsychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Establishing reliability and validity for mental health screening instruments in resource-constrained settings: Systematic review of the PHQ-9 and key recommendations.Psychiatry research · 2020Pooled it
- Longitudinal invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among patients receiving pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder: A secondary analysis of clinical trial data.Psychological assessment · 2024Trial
- Validation of the patient health questionnaire-9 and the generalized anxiety disorder-7 in Lithuanian student sample.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Psychometric evaluation of the patient health questionnaire-9 in helping professionals: factor structure, gender invariance, and construct validity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A psychometric assessment of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for people living with acutely-treated HIV in Thailand.Psychiatry research communications · 2026Article
- Disclosing depressive symptoms: perceived sensitivity of PHQ-9 items in a general population sample.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Internal structure and factorial invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9) in a large Argentinean sample.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Factorial structure of the patient health questionnaire-9 in long-term survivors of severe COVID-19.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire in Mexican adolescents.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Factorial invariance of the Spanish version of the PHQ-9 by gender and country in Latin America and the Caribbean.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- School, family, and peer connectedness as protective factors for depression and suicide risk in Spanish adolescents.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Depression in the schistosomiasis japonica population based on the PHQ-9 scale: a cross-sectional survey from Jiangxi Province, China.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Identifying a stable and generalizable factor structure of major depressive disorder across three large longitudinal cohorts.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- Examining the unidimensionality of the PHQ-9 with first responders: Evidence from different psychometric paradigms.African journal of psychological assessment · 2024Article
- Validation of the combined Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale among people with HIV in Vietnam.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2023Article
- New cut-off points of PHQ-9 and its variants, in Costa Rica: a nationwide observational study.Scientific reports · 2023Observational
- Measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 across males and females seeking treatment for common mental health disorders.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Measurement invariance of the patient health questionnaire-9 depression scale in a nationally representative population-based sample.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Comparison of unweighted and item response theory-based weighted sum scoring for the Nine-Questions Depression-Rating Scale in the Northern Thai Dialect.BMC medical research methodology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a widely-used screening tool for depression in primary care settings. The purpose of the present study is to identify the factor structure of the PHQ-9 and to examine the measurement invariance of this instrument across different sociodemographic groups and over time in a sample of primary care patients in Spain. Data came from 836 primary care patients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (PsicAP study) and a subsample of 218 patients who participated in a follow-up assessment at 3 months. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test one- and two-factor structures identified in previous studies. Analyses of multiple-group invariance were conducted to determine the extent to which the factor structure is comparable across various demographic groups (i.e., gender, age, marital status, level of education, and employment situation) and over time. Both one-factor and two-factor re-specified models met all the pre-established fit criteria. However, because the factors identified in the two-factor model were highly correlated (r = .86), the one-factor model was preferred for its parsimony. Multi-group CFA indicated measurement invariance across different demographic groups and across time. The present findings suggest that physicians in Spain can use the PHQ-9 to obtain a global score for depression severity in different demographic groups and to reliably monitor changes over time in the primary care setting.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.