ArticleSchizophrenia research2018
Associations of independent living and labor force participation with impairment indicators in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder at 20-year follow-up.
Article in Schizophrenia research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationships between cognition and daily functioning in adults with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of cognitive reserve on bipolar disorder: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- The impact of bipolar spectrum disorders on professional functioning: A systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Pramipexole to Improve Cognition in Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical psychopharmacologyTrial
- Variables associated with self- and proxy-perceived difficulties in independent living for patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid dementia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Blunted experience of pleasure, unsystematic subjective value representation, and disrupted goal-directed behaviors: an ecological momentary assessment study across mood and psychotic disorders.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- National and State Societal Costs of Schizophrenia in the US in 2024.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- Beyond symptom improvement: transdiagnostic and disorder-specific ways to assess functional and quality of life outcomes across mental disorders in adults.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of social exclusion in psychotic disorders: a 20-year follow-up cohort study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Anosognosia in schizophrenia.CNS spectrums · 2024Review
- Association Between Unemployment and Mental Disorders: A Narrative Update of the Literature.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Review
- Rationale and Challenges for a New Instrument for Remote Measurement of Negative Symptoms.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2024Review
- Self-report versus performance based executive functioning in people with psychotic disorders.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2023Article
- Neurocognitive function and mortality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2023Article
- Negative mood states as a correlate of cognitive performance and self-assessment of cognitive performance in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2023Article
- A closer look at avolition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Persistence of different types of activities over time.Schizophrenia research · 2022Article
- Accuracy of immediate self-assessment of neurocognitive test performance: Associations with psychiatric diagnosis and longitudinal psychotic symptoms.Journal of psychiatric research · 2022Article
- Social cognition and bipolar disorder: pending questions and unexplored topics.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2022Article
- The association of cognitive impairment with quality of life and functional impairment in Ugandan first-episode psychosis patients: a cross sectional study.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2022Article
- Get up! Functional mobility and metabolic syndrome in chronic schizophrenia: Effects on cognition and quality of life.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSince the Iowa 500 study, residential and occupational status have been frequently used as indicators of everyday achievements in research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The relationships of residential and occupational status with impairment in multiple domains including physical health indicators across these two diagnoses, however, have rarely been studied. We examined these relationships at the 20-year follow-up assessment of a first-admission sample.
methodsWe included 146 participants with schizophrenia and 87 with bipolar disorder with psychosis who participated in the 20-year follow-up of the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. In addition to interviewer-based ratings of employment and residential independence, we examined self-reported impairment derived from the WHODAS, standard measures of current psychopathology, indicators of obesity, as well as performance-based measures of physical and cognitive functioning.
resultsParticipants with bipolar disorder were more likely to live independently and be gainfully employed; they also performed significantly better on each indicator of impairment apart from balance ability. In both groups, unemployment, but not residential independence, was associated with greater self-reported disability on the WHODAS. Residential independence, gainful employment, and subjective disability were also associated with better physical functioning. Across the two groups, psychiatric symptoms and physical functioning were the major determinants of subjective disability. DISCUSSION: People with psychotic bipolar disorder were more likely to be gainfully employed and living independently than participants with schizophrenia but as a group, much less frequently than population standards. Interventions aimed at physical fitness may have the potential to improve both objective functioning and perceived disability.
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Registered trials
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