ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2018
Poor Immunogenicity, Not Vaccine Strain Egg Adaptation, May Explain the Low H3N2 Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in 2012-2013.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03734237 (A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD), which is not on this map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Estimates of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children in Senegal: Results From 2 Consecutive Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials in 2010 and 2011.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Comparative Immunogenicity of Several Enhanced Influenza Vaccine Options for Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Trial
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- Estimating Standard-Dose and High-Dose Fluzone Vaccine Efficacies for Influenza A Based on Hemagglutination Inhibition Titers.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Seasonal influenza vaccine performance and the potential benefits of mRNA vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
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- Vaccination against rapidly evolving pathogens and the entanglements of memory.Nature immunology · 2024Review
- Measures of Population Immunity Can Predict the Dominant Clade of Influenza A (H3N2) in the 2017-2018 Season and Reveal Age-Associated Differences in Susceptibility and Antibody-Binding Specificity.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Measures of population immunity can predict the dominant clade of influenza A (H3N2) in the 2017-2018 season and reveal age-associated differences in susceptibility and antibody-binding specificity.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in the HIVE Household Cohort Over 8 Years: Is There Evidence of Indirect Protection?Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- An Egg-Derived SulfatedmBio · 2021Article
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- Original Antigenic Sin: the Downside of Immunological Memory and Implications for COVID-19.mSphere · 2021Article
- Effect of aging on immunogenicity and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines in cotton ratsHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Longitudinal Assessment of Immune Responses to Repeated Annual Influenza Vaccination in a Human Cohort of Adults and Teenagers.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Influenza vaccination aims to prevent infection by influenza virus and reduce associated morbidity and mortality; however, vaccine effectiveness (VE) can be modest, especially for subtype A(H3N2). Low VE has been attributed to mismatches between the vaccine and circulating influenza strains and to the vaccine's elicitation of protective immunity in only a subset of the population. The low H3N2 VE in the 2012-2013 season was attributed to egg-adaptive mutations that created antigenic mismatch between the actual vaccine strain (IVR-165) and both the intended vaccine strain (A/Victoria/361/2011) and the predominant circulating strains (clades 3C.2 and 3C.3). Methods: We investigated the basis of low VE in 2012-2013 by determining whether vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were infected by different viral strains and by assessing the serologic responses to IVR-165, A/Victoria/361/2011, and 3C.2 and 3C.3 strains in an adult cohort before and after vaccination. Results: We found no significant genetic differences between the strains that infected vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Vaccination increased titers to A/Victoria/361/2011 and 3C.2 and 3C.3 representative strains as much as to IVR-165. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vaccination boosted cross-reactive immune responses instead of specific responses against unique vaccine epitopes. Only approximately one-third of the cohort achieved a ≥4-fold increase in titer. Conclusions: In contrast to analyses based on ferret studies, low H3N2 VE in 2012-2013 in adults does not appear to be due to egg adaptation of the vaccine strain. Instead, low VE might have been caused by low vaccine immunogenicity in a subset of the population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.