ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2018
Heavy Cannabis Use Associated With Reduction in Activated and Inflammatory Immune Cell Frequencies in Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of cannabis on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review of immunomodulatory effects of cannabis in patients with and without cancer.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Cannabis Use on Cognition in People with HIV: Evidence of Function-Dependent Effects and Mechanisms from Clinical and Preclinical Studies.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Pooled it
- Limited Impact of Cannabidiol on Health-related Quality of Life of People With Long-term Controlled HIV: A Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: A blunt weapon or a double-edged sword for virus-induced neuroinflammation.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Impact of cannabis use on white matter hyperintensities in adults with and without chronic HIV disease.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory effects of cannabis use: a multi-omics study in people living with HIV.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune Correlates of HIV and Marijuana Use: Peripheral Biomarkers and Cognitive Function.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Cannabis Effects on Neurocognition and HIV-Related Outcomes: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Cannabis use by people with HIV is associated with an anti-inflammatory immunometabolic phenotype in monocyte-derived macrophages.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Extracellular condensates (ECs) are endogenous modulators of HIV transcription and latency reactivation.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations Between Cannabis Use and Inflammatory Biomarkers Among People with HIV.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2026Article
- Single cell multiomic analysis of the impact of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on HIV infected CD4 T cells.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Associations Between Sustained Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Use and Left Ventricular Dysfunction in a Cohort of Women Living With and Without HIV.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Cannabis Use During Pregnancy Is Associated with the Suppression of Circulating Maternal Cytokines.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2026Article
- Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol alleviates inflammation by modulating immune responses in LPS-induced murine inflammation model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Contrasting cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R)-mediated responses in two different models of Blood Brain Barrier in the context of HIV.Research square · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the capacity of minor phytocannabinoids to attenuate nociceptive insults in HIV-1 Tat-expressing mice.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Cannabis Use Moderates Methamphetamine- and HIV-Related Inflammation: Evidence from Human Plasma Markers.Viruses · 2025Article
- Article
- Recent cannabis use affects the association between baseline immune markers and long-term outcomes in psychosis.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Cannabis is a widely used drug in the United States, and the frequency of cannabis use in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected population is disproportionately high. Previous human and macaque studies suggest that cannabis may have an impact on plasma viral load; however, the relationship between cannabis use and HIV-associated systemic inflammation and immune activation has not been well defined. Methods: The impact of cannabis use on peripheral immune cell frequency, activation, and function was assessed in 198 HIV-infected, antiretroviral-treated individuals by flow cytometry. Individuals were categorized into heavy, medium, or occasional cannabis users or noncannabis users based on the amount of the cannabis metabolite 11-nor-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) detected in plasma by mass spectrometry. Results: Heavy cannabis users had decreased frequencies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+CD38+CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequencies, compared to frequencies of these cells in non-cannabis-using individuals. Heavy cannabis users had decreased frequencies of intermediate and nonclassical monocyte subsets, as well as decreased frequencies of interleukin 23- and tumor necrosis factor-α-producing antigen-presenting cells. Conclusions: While the clinical implications are unclear, our findings suggest that cannabis use is associated with a potentially beneficial reduction in systemic inflammation and immune activation in the context of antiretroviral-treated HIV infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.